{"id":13807,"date":"2019-02-11T13:54:18","date_gmt":"2019-02-11T12:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/?page_id=13807"},"modified":"2020-03-21T12:19:43","modified_gmt":"2020-03-21T11:19:43","slug":"reseau-social-de-napoleon-bonaparte","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/reseau-social-de-napoleon-bonaparte\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9seau social de Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width=\u00a0\u00bbstretch_row\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1513000693114{background-color: #272727 !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1546&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb150X150&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbPortraits\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fnapoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbR\u00e9sidences\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fresidences-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbR\u00e9seau Social\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdanger\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Freseau-social-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbG\u00e9n\u00e9alogie\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fgenealogie-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bb\u0152uvres\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Foeuvres-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbS\u00e9pulture\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fsepulture-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbWikipedia\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNapol%25C3%25A9on_Ier||target:%20_blank|rel:nofollow\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbH\u00e9ritage\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fheritage-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<br \/>\n[vc_row][vc_column][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbPAGE EN CONSTRUCTION &#8211; PATIENCE !!!!! \u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdanger\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_type=\u00a0\u00bbopeniconic\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_openiconic=\u00a0\u00bbvc-oi vc-oi-cog\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbQUI SONT SES AMIS PR\u00d4CHES?\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1518283718772{margin-right: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;padding-top: 10px !important;padding-right: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 10px !important;padding-left: 50px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p>Apprenez \u00e0 les reconnaitre. Vous d\u00e9couvrirez leurs noms en survolant avec votre souris sur les diff\u00e9rents portraits<br \/>\n            <div class=\"oxi-addons-container noLightbox oxi-image-hover-wrapper-58 \" id=\"oxi-image-hover-wrapper-58\">\n                <div class=\"oxi-addons-row\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10683\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PPV-Charles-Bonaparte-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles\u00a0\u00a0 BONAPARTE, Assesseur Italien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PP7V-Bichat.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Charles est le p\u00e8re de Napol\u00e9on. Charles Charles d\u00e9c\u00e8de \u00e0 Montpellier \u00e0 38 ans d'un cancer de l'estomac. Napol\u00e9on est \u00e2g\u00e9 de 16 ans.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10684\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Laetitia-Bonaparte.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Letizia\u00a0 BONAPARTE, M\u00e8re de Napol\u00e9on I<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">M\u00e8re<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/letizia-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">M\u00e8re de Napol\u00e9on, elle eut 9 enfants dont 7 surv\u00e9curent jusqu'\u00e0 l'\u00e2ge adulte. Napol\u00e9on est le second de la fratrie apr\u00e8s Joseph. Napol\u00e9on a toujours eu un grand respect pour sa m\u00e8re. Elle lui survivra puisqu\u2019elle d\u00e9c\u00e8de en 1836 soit 15 ans apr\u00e8s Napol\u00e9on.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10685\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP8V-Josephine-de-Beauharnais.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jos\u00e9phine de\u00a0 BEAUHARNAIS, Imp\u00e9ratrice, Reine<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/josephine-de-beauharnais\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on fut tr\u00e8s amoureux de Jos\u00e9phine, sa premi\u00e8re \u00e9pouse. Malheureusement, ils n\u2019eurent pas d\u2019enfants. Napol\u00e9on divor\u00e7a, car il tenait \u00e0 avoir un h\u00e9ritier de son sang. La naissance de ces deux fils ill\u00e9gitimes L\u00e9on Denuelle et Alexandre Walewski lui avait prouv\u00e9 que Jos\u00e9phine \u00e9tait responsable de la st\u00e9rilit\u00e9 de leur couple. Il \u00e9pousa Marie-Louise en secondes noces faisant par la m\u00eame une alliance avec l\u2019Autriche.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10686\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PP14V-BEAUHARNAIS-E-Eugene-de-Beauharnais-vice-roi-dItalie-Andrea-Appiani-Muse\u0301e-Malmaison.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Eug\u00e8ne de\u00a0 BEAUHARNAIS, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/eugene-de-beauharnais\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Eug\u00e8ne de Beauharnais est le fils du premier mariage de Jos\u00e9phine avec Alexandre de Beauharnais et le fils adoptif de l'empereur Napol\u00e9on Ier. Altesse Imp\u00e9riale, vice-roi d'Italie, prince de Venise, grand-duc de Francfort, duc de Leuchtenberg et prince d'Eichst\u00e4tt, il est \u00e9galement l'un des plus fid\u00e8les et des plus talentueux subordonn\u00e9s de Napol\u00e9on qui le fait g\u00e9n\u00e9ral en chef. Il mourut le 21 f\u00e9vrier 1824 \u00e0 Munich soit trois ans apr\u00e8s Napol\u00e9on.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10687\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PP3V-Hortense-de-Beauharnais-W.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Hortense de BEAUHARNAIS, Reine consort de Hollande<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/elizabeth-patterson-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Hortense de Beauharnais \u00e9tait la fille de Jos\u00e9phine et d\u2019Alexandre de Beauharnais. Elle fut adopt\u00e9e par Napol\u00e9on, tout comme son fr\u00e8re Eug\u00e8ne. Ses relations avec Napol\u00e9on \u00e9taient tr\u00e8s proches. Elle \u00e9pousa Louis Bonaparte, l\u2019un des fr\u00e8res de Napol\u00e9on, contre son gr\u00e8s. Ce mariage fut malheureux. Ils eurent 3 fils ensemble. Le premier mourut en bas \u00e2ge, le dernier devint Napol\u00e9on III, empereur des Fran\u00e7ais en 1852.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10688\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/x1leon.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles L\u00e9on\u00a0DENUELLE, dit L\u00e9on Bonaparte<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">1er fils ill\u00e9gitime<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/charles-leon-denuelle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">L\u00e9on fut le premier fils ill\u00e9gitime de Napol\u00e9on qu\u2019il eut avec sa ma\u00eetresse \u00c9l\u00e9onore Denuelle. Napol\u00e9on reconnut L\u00e9on, le fit comte, mais ne le rencontra jamais. Cette naissance r\u00e9v\u00e9la \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait pas responsable de la st\u00e9rilit\u00e9 du couple qu\u2019il formait avec Jos\u00e9phine.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10689\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-WALAESKWI-Alexandre.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Alexandre COLONNA WALEWSKi,\u00a0<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/alexandre-colonna-waleswki\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Alexandre fut le second fils naturel de Napol\u00e9on qu'il eut avec Marie Walewska, sa ma\u00eetresse polonaise. Il devint ministre et s\u00e9nateur sous le r\u00e8gne de son cousin Napol\u00e9on III. En 1812 \u00e0 Saint-Cloud, en pr\u00e9sence de Marie, Napol\u00e9on signa un long document juridique garantissant l'avenir du jeune Alexandre.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10690\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-MARIE-LOUISE.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">MARIE- LOUISE, Imp\u00e9ratrice des Fran\u00e7ais<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/marie-louise-marie-louise-dautriche\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Mari\u00e9e selon la volont\u00e9 de son p\u00e8re l\u2019empereur d\u2019Autriche Fran\u00e7ois Ier pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande en mariage de Napol\u00e9on, elle fut la seconde \u00e9pouse de l\u2019empereur fran\u00e7ais. Ce dernier souhaitait une alliance forte avec ce pays et esp\u00e9rait donner naissance \u00e0 un h\u00e9ritier m\u00e2le de son sang. Napol\u00e9on II naquit de cette union. Marie-Louise et Napol\u00e9on s\u2019aim\u00e8rent durant leurs 4 ann\u00e9es de mariage, mais elle l\u2019oublia bien vite apr\u00e8s l\u2019abdication son \u00e9poux. Jamais, elle n\u2019alla le retrouver ni sur l\u2019\u00eele d\u2019Elbe ni \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10691\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-ROIDEROME.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Napol\u00e9on Fran\u00e7ois Charles BONAPARTE, Napol\u00e9on II, Roi de Rome, Duc de Reichstadt<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/napoleon-ii-napoleon-francois-joseph-charles-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on Fran\u00e7ois Charles Bonaparte Fils l\u00e9gitime unique de Napol\u00e9on, il naquit de l\u2019union de l\u2019empereur fran\u00e7ais avec Marie-Louise d\u2019Autriche sa seconde \u00e9pouse. Napol\u00e9on II, fait roi de Rome \u00e0 sa naissance, fut 15 jours empereur des Fran\u00e7ais lors de la seconde abdication de Napol\u00e9on. Il connut \u00e0 peine son p\u00e8re puisqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 3 ans il quitta la France apr\u00e8s sa 1re abdication. \u00c9lev\u00e9 \u00e0 Vienne, il se documenta beaucoup sur son p\u00e8re qu\u2019il ne revit jamais. Il avait 10 ans lorsque son p\u00e8re d\u00e9c\u00e9da. Napol\u00e9on II mourut jeune de la tuberculose, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 21 ans.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10692\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/PPV-Joseph-Bonaparte.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Joseph\u00a0 BONAPARTE, Roi de Naples, Roi d\u2019Espagne<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Fr\u00e8re ain\u00e9<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louise-catherine-eleonore-denuelle-de-la-plaigne\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Joseph Bonaparte est le fr\u00e8re a\u00een\u00e9 de la fratrie Bonaparte. Il avait 17 ans \u00e0 la mort de son p\u00e8re. Roi de Naples (1806-08), puis d'Espagne (1808-13), apr\u00e8s la 2nde abdication de Napol\u00e9on, il s'exila aux \u00c9tats-Unis. La mort de Napol\u00e9on, fit de lui le chef de la maison Bonaparte (Lucien ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 exclu de la succession par Napol\u00e9on en 1812). Il mourut en 1844 soit 24 ans apr\u00e8s \u00c9lisa, d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e en 1820.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10693\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP7V.-Lucien-Bonaparte-.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Lucien\u00a0BONAPARTE, Politicien, Prince de Canino<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Fr\u00e8re<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/lucien-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Lucien a jou\u00e9 un grand r\u00f4le lors du coup d\u2019\u00c9tat de 1799 qui conduisit Napol\u00e9on au pouvoir. Alors Pr\u00e9sident du Conseil des Cinq-Cents, il l\u2019avait activement pr\u00e9par\u00e9 avec notamment Siey\u00e8s, Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s et Talleyrand. Il sauva son fr\u00e8re de l'\u00e9chec de ce coup d'\u00c9tat en r\u00e9clamant la dissolution du Conseil. Napol\u00e9on Premier consul, il nomma Lucien ministre de l'Int\u00e9rieur \u00e0 partir du 24 d\u00e9cembre 1799. N\u00e9anmoins, Lucien sera le plus ind\u00e9pendant de la fratrie Bonaparte, refusant la tyrannie exerc\u00e9e par son fr\u00e8re. Napol\u00e9on l\u2019exclut de sa succession en 1812.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10694\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pp3velisabonaparte.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Elisa\u00a0 BONAPARTE, Grande-duchesse de Toscane<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">S\u0153ur a\u00een\u00e9e<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP7V.-Lucien-Bonaparte-.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">A\u00een\u00e9e de ses s\u0153urs : \u00c9lisa Bonaparte \u00e9tait la premi\u00e8re fille et la quatri\u00e8me enfant de Charles-Marie Bonaparte et de Maria-L\u00e9tizia Ramolino . Elle \u00e9pousa F\u00e9lix Baciocchi. Leur mariage civil eut lieu le 1er mai 1797, \u00e0 Marseille. En juin 1797, Napol\u00e9on fait venir sa famille dans son ch\u00e2teau de Mombello, pour c\u00e9l\u00e9brer leur mariage religieux. Le m\u00eame jour a lieu le mariage de la s\u0153ur d'\u00c9lisa, Pauline Bonaparte, avec le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc. Elle mourut en 1820 soit 16 ans avant sa m\u00e8re et un an avant Napol\u00e9on.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10695\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP0V.-Louis-Bonaparte.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis\u00a0 BONAPARTE, Roi de Hollande<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Fr\u00e8re<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Louis Bonaparte est le 3e fils de Charles-Marie Bonaparte et de Maria-L\u00e9tizia Ramolino. Il fut entra\u00een\u00e9 par la destin\u00e9e hors du commun de Napol\u00e9on. Napol\u00e9on le maria \u00e0 Hortense de Beauharnais, fille de Jos\u00e9phine. Puis, Louis devint roi de Hollande. Les relations entre les deux fr\u00e8res se d\u00e9grad\u00e8rent, Louis finit par abdiquer en faveur de son fils a\u00een\u00e9. En 1844, au d\u00e9c\u00e8s de Joseph, Louis devint le chef de la maison Bonaparte (Lucien ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 exclu de la succession en 1812).<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10696\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pp1vbonapartecharleslouisnapoleon400-2.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles Louis Napol\u00e9on\u00a0 BONAPARTE, dit Napol\u00e9on III, Empereur<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Neuveu<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/napoleon-III\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Charles-Louis est le dernier fils d\u2019Hortense de Beauharnais et de Louis Bonaparte. Napol\u00e9on Ier \u00e9tait \u00e0 la fois : le fr\u00e8re de son p\u00e8re et p\u00e8re adoptif de sa m\u00e8re, ce qui faisait de lui son oncle et son grand-p\u00e8re. En 1852, il deviendra Napol\u00e9on III, Empereur des Fran\u00e7ais.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10697\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP6V-Caroline-Bonaparte.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Caroline\u00a0 BONAPARTE, Reine de Naples<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/caroline-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">S\u0153ur de Napol\u00e9on, Caroline dira de son fr\u00e8re : \u00ab Que Bonaparte soit un grand homme, et comme il n\u2019y a pas un second en Europe dans tous les sens, guerrier, militaire, politique, je d\u00e9fie m\u00eame un ennemi de le nier. Ce sera le plus grand homme de notre si\u00e8cle\u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10698\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/2paulinebonaparte400520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Pauline\u00a0 BONAPARTE<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">S\u0153ur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/pauline-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Pauline \u00e9tait sa s\u0153ur pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e, elle lui resta fid\u00e8le m\u00eame dans sa chute, lui offrant sa fortune en soutien. Elle mourut en 1825 (4 ans apr\u00e8s Napol\u00e9on), \u00e0 Rome dans le palais de son second mari Camille Borgh\u00e8se.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10699\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP-Jerome-Bonaparte.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">J\u00e9r\u00f4me\u00a0 BONAPARTE, Roi de Westphalie<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP14V-BEAUHARNAIS-E-Eugene-de-Beauharnais-vice-roi-dItalie-Andrea-Appiani-Museu0301e-Malmaison-copie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">J\u00e9r\u00f4me est le plus jeune fr\u00e8re de Napol\u00e9on. Il ne l\u2019a pas connu jeune enfant, car Napol\u00e9on avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 quitt\u00e9 le foyer familial pour suivre ses \u00e9tudes militaires sur le continent. Leurs relations furent conflictuelles \u00e0 cause du mariage de J\u00e9r\u00f4me avec Elizabeth Patterson, rencontr\u00e9e lors d\u2019une escale de son bateau \u00e0 Philadelphie. Napol\u00e9on exigea la rupture. Ce que J\u00e9r\u00f4me fit en abandonnant la jeune femme enceinte en Angleterre. Mari\u00e9 selon la volont\u00e9 de son a\u00een\u00e9 \u00e0 Catherine de Wurtemberg, il le nomma par Roi de Westphalie.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10700\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Bonaparte-Napole\u0301on-Louis-1.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Napol\u00e9on Louis Bonaparte<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/napoleon-louis-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on-Louis Bonaparte est le deuxi\u00e8me fils du roi de Hollande Louis Bonaparte et d'Hortense de Beauharnais. Il porte le titre de grand-duc de Berg de 1809 \u00e0 1815 et est bri\u00e8vement roi de Hollande sous le nom de Louis II du 1er au 13 juillet 1810, apr\u00e8s l\u2019abdication de son p\u00e8re en sa faveur, mais Napol\u00e9on annexe les Pays-Bas spoliant ainsi le jeune roi de ses droits. Napol\u00e9on-Louis mourra en 1831 en Italie suite \u00e0 une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie de rougeole alors qu\u2019il participait avec son fr\u00e8re aux insurrections dans les territoires pontificaux de l'Italie centrale.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10701\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Fesch-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Joseph\u00a0FESCH, Cardinal, Archev\u00eaque de Lyon<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/joseph-fesch\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Le Cardinal Fesch, demi-fr\u00e8re de Letitzia Bonaparte est l\u2019oncle de Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. Letitzia et le cardinal ont la m\u00eame m\u00e8re. Joseph Fesch avait 13 ans de moins que sa demi-s\u0153ur et 6 ans de plus que Napol\u00e9on. Enfants, ils partag\u00e8rent jeux et \u00e9tudes, leur maison se faisant face. Leurs relations rest\u00e8rent proches. Pour obtenir la reconnaissance de l'Empire par le pape, Napol\u00e9on, alors Premier Consul, envoie son oncle comme ambassadeur \u00e0 la cour de Rome, o\u00f9 il le charge de n\u00e9gocier la venue de Pie VII \u00e0 Paris pour le sacre.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10702\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-PIEVII.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti, Pie VII, Pape<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/luigi-barnaba-chiaramonti-pie-vii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Le concordat de 1801 normalise les relations entre le Saint-Si\u00e8ge et la Premi\u00e8re R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise. L\u2019\u00c9glise de France tend \u00e0 s\u2019\u00e9manciper de Rome pour devenir une \u00c9glise nationale soumise au pouvoir civil. Pie VII vint, contre l'avis de sa Curie romaine, sacrer Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte empereur des Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Notre-Dame en 1804. Plusieurs sujets opposent les 2 hommes, en particulier, le refus du pape d\u2019adh\u00e9rer au blocus continental. En 1812, Napol\u00e9on avant de partir pour la Russie, fait enlever Pie VII et le retint \u00e0 Fontainebleau jusqu\u2019en 1814.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10703\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP4V-Consalvi-W.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Ercole\u00a0CONSALVI, Cardinal<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP4V-Consalvi-W.png\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Consalvi \u00e9tait le secr\u00e9taire d'\u00c9tat de Pie VII. Quand la France envahit les \u00c9tats pontificaux en 1809, Consalvi quitta Rome pour Paris. En 1810, il refuse d'assister au mariage de Napol\u00e9on et de Marie-Louise d'Autriche, car le pape n\u2019a pas invalid\u00e9 l\u2019union de l'empereur avec Jos\u00e9phine. Furieux, Napol\u00e9on confisque ses biens ainsi que ceux de 12 autres cardinaux. Contraints \u00e0 se v\u00eatir en noir comme de simples pr\u00eatres, ils sont surnomm\u00e9s de \u00ab cardinaux noirs \u00bb. Lib\u00e9r\u00e9 en 1813, il rejoint Pie VII \u00e0 Rome o\u00f9 il fut renomm\u00e9 secr\u00e9taire d'\u00c9tat.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10704\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pp5vfrancois1er400520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">FRAN\u00c7OIS Ier d\u2019Autriche, Empereur du Saint-Empire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Beau-p\u00e8re<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/francois-ier-dautriche\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Fran\u00e7ois Ier, neveu de Marie-Antoinette, fut en guerre contre la France pendant vingt-trois ans. Constamment battu par la Napol\u00e9on, il se r\u00e9sout \u00e0 donner sa fille Marie-Louise en mariage \u00e0 l\u2019Empereur fran\u00e7ais pour le bien de son empire. Fran\u00e7ois Ier d\u2019Autriche fut le grand-p\u00e8re de Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph, mari de Sissi.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10705\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/PP4V-Denuelle.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louise Catherine \u00c9l\u00e9onore\u00a0DENUELLE de La PLAIGNE, Ma\u00eetresse de Bonaparte<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">M\u00e8re de son 1er enfant ill\u00e9gitime<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louise-catherine-eleonore-denuelle-de-la-plaigne\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ma\u00eetresse de Napol\u00e9on, elle est la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 lui donner un fils (L\u00e9on) et prouva ainsi \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait pas st\u00e9rile. \u00c9l\u00e9onore ne reverra pourtant jamais le p\u00e8re de son enfant. Lorsqu\u2019elle se pr\u00e9sentera \u00e0 Fontainebleau peu apr\u00e8s la naissance de l\u2019enfant, il refusera de la recevoir. Elle recevra n\u00e9anmoins une confortable dote annuelle.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10706\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV2-Waleskwa.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Marie WALEWSKA, Comtesse polonaise<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Ma\u00eetresse<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/marie-walewska\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">\"La femme polonaise de Napol\u00e9on\", il la rencontra en 1806 tandis qu\u2019il occupe la Pologne. Lors d'un bal organis\u00e9 par Talleyrand \u00e0 Varsovie il lui envoya ce billet :\"Je n'ai vu que vous, je n'ai admir\u00e9 que vous, je ne d\u00e9sire que vous\". Ils eurent un fils Alexandre, second fils naturel de l\u2019empereur. Napol\u00e9on l\u2019apprit durant son voyage de noces avec Marie-Louise. Marie et Alexandre visit\u00e8rent Napol\u00e9on lors de son exil \u00e0 l\u2019\u00eele d\u2019Elbe. Elle mourut jeune, en couche, \u00e0 31 ans, quatre ans avant Napol\u00e9on.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10707\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Christine-Boyer-400.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Christine\u00a0 BOYER<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Belle-s\u0153ur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-MURAT.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Premi\u00e8re \u00e9pouse de Lucien Bonaparte. Belle-s\u0153ur de Napol\u00e9on.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10708\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Alexandrine-de-Bleschamp-400.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Alexandrine de\u00a0 BLESCHAMP, 2e \u00e9pouse de Lucien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Belle-s\u0153ur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/alexandrine-de-bleschamp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9pouse de Lucien Bonaparte. Belle-s\u0153ur de Napol\u00e9on.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10709\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-MURAT.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Joachim\u00a0MURAT, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Beau-f\u00e8re<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/joachim-murat-grand-duc-de-berg-et-de-cleves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Compagnon de Napol\u00e9on en \u00c9gypte et lors 18 Brumaire. Murat devint son beau-fr\u00e8re en \u00e9pousant Caroline. Leurs relations furent difficiles. Bonaparte le qualifiait de \"coq vaniteux\", l\u2019humiliait r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement et lui r\u00e9p\u00e9tait sans cesse qu\u2019il lui devait tout. Murat finit par le trahir. \u00c0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, Napol\u00e9on a regrett\u00e9 de s'\u00eatre priv\u00e9 de ses services \u00e0 Waterloo. Ne sachant choisir entre Napol\u00e9on et ses opposants coalis\u00e9s, Murat fut d\u00e9chu et ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par les pays alli\u00e9s.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10710\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP1V-CLARY-DESIREE-W.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Marie\u00a0 Julie\u00a0 CLARY, Reine consort de Naples et reine consort d\u2019Espagne<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Belle-s\u0153ur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/julie-clary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">\u00c9pouse de Joseph Bonaparte. S\u0153ur de D\u00e9sir\u00e9e qui est l\u2019\u00e9pouse de Bernadotte. Joseph convoitait initialement D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, mais d\u00e8s que Napol\u00e9on fit sa rencontre il l\u2019accapara et d\u00e9tourna Joseph vers Julie.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10711\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/PPV-BORGHESE-Camille.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Camille BORGH\u00c8SE<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Beau-fr\u00e8re<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camille_Borghse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9poux de Pauline.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10712\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/PPV-LECLERC-Charles.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles Victoire Emmanuel LECLERC<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/charles-victoire-emmanuel-leclerc\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">En 1797, Napol\u00e9on fit \u00e9pouser \u00e0 sa petite s\u0153ur pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc. Pauline accompagna son mari \u00e0 Saint-Domingue. Elle eut durant leur mariage de nombreuses aventures avec des soldats du rang ou des officiers. \u00c9pouse infid\u00e8le, elle s'occupa n\u00e9anmoins avec courage de son mari lorsqu\u2019il contracta la fi\u00e8vre jaune. Charles Leclerc mourut le 1er novembre 1802. Le d\u00e9sespoir de Pauline fut spectaculaire, elle se coupa les cheveux et les pla\u00e7a dans son cercueil.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10714\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PP1V-Elizabeth-Betsy-Patterson-1.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Elisabeth PATTERSON BONAPARTE<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Belle-s\u0153ur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/elizabeth-patterson-bonaparte\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Fille d\u2019un commer\u00e7ant, Elizabeth fut la premi\u00e8re \u00e9pouse de J\u00e9r\u00f4me. Entr\u00e9 dans la marine, il la rencontra lors d\u2019une escale. Bien que mineur, il abandonna son navire en Martinique pour l\u2019\u00e9pouser \u00e0 Philadelphie le 24 d\u00e9cembre 1803 sans le consentement de sa famille. Le couple se rendit en France en 1805 sur un navire am\u00e9ricain affr\u00e9t\u00e9 par son beau-p\u00e8re. Napol\u00e9on outr\u00e9 par ce mariage le fit annuler malgr\u00e9 la grossesse d'Elizabeth et les protestations de J\u00e9r\u00f4me. Le bateau n\u2019ayant pu accoster en France, elle accoucha en Angleterre.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10715\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/PPV-Catherine-de-Wurtemberg.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Catherine de WURTEMBERG<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Belle-s\u0153ur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_de_Wurtemberg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9pouse de J\u00e9r\u00f4me.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10716\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP2bisV-Cambaceres-.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Jacques R\u00e9gis de\u00a0 CAMBAC\u00c9R\u00c8S, 2nd Consul,<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Collaborateur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-jacques-regis-de-cambaceres\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Premier des conseillers de Napol\u00e9on, loyal et fid\u00e8le, il l\u2019accompagnera jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa seconde abdication. Napol\u00e9on transmettait \u00e0 Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s le soin de g\u00e9rer la France en son absence (durant les guerres). Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s avait une profonde estime pour napol\u00e9on, m\u00eame s\u2019il connaissait ses d\u00e9fauts. En 1809, il \u00e9crira de lui\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Il avait l\u2019air de se promener au milieu de sa gloire\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10717\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Lebrun-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles-Fran\u00e7ois\u00a0LEBRUN, 3\u00e8me Consul, Prince-architr\u00e9sorier\u00a0<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Collaborateur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/charles-francois-lebrun-duc-de-plaisance\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Le 13 d\u00e9cembre 1799, Napol\u00e9on le nomme troisi\u00e8me consul, charg\u00e9 en particulier des finances. Sous l\u2019empire en 1804, il devient prince-architr\u00e9sorier et duc de Plaisance. Il participe \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de la Cour des comptes. Lors de la chute de Napol\u00e9on, il est nomm\u00e9 pair de France par Louis XVIII, mais accepte\u00a0la charge de\u00a0grand ma\u00eetre de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 pendant les Cent-Jours, ce qui le radiera de la pairie lors du retour de la monarchie.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10718\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP2V-Barras-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Paul BARRAS, Politicien, Directeur<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/paul-barras\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Il fut l\u2019un des cinq premiers directeurs. Cependant, Barras fut le seul \u00e0 rester en fonction jusqu'\u00e0 la fin du r\u00e9gime. En 1799, Barras, confia \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on le commandement des troupes de la capitale afin de r\u00e9tablir l'ordre face aux nombreuses \u00e9meutes qui troublaient l'ordre public. C\u2019est aussi Barras qui pr\u00e9senta son ancienne ma\u00eetresse Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10719\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PP1V-Sieyes-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Emmanuel-Joseph SIEY\u00c8S, Politicien, Essayiste<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/emmanuel-joseph-sieyes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Siey\u00e8s est \u00e9bloui par Bonaparte. Il dira de lui, tirant la le\u00e7on du coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 18 Brumaire, apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9union du 11 novembre 1799 : \u00ab Messieurs, nous avons un ma\u00eetre, ce jeune homme fait tout, peut tout et veut tout \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10720\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PPV-Berthier-W.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis-Alexandre\u00a0BERTHIER, Mar\u00e9chal d\u2019Empire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/alexandre-berthier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Chef de l\u2019\u00c9tat-Major de Bonaparte, Berthier finit Major g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Grande arm\u00e9e. Conseiller tr\u00e8s proche et loyal de Bonaparte. II pr\u00e9para avec lui le coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 18 Brumaire. Berthier se rallia \u00e0 Louis XVIII qui le fit pair de France. Il mourut d\u00e9fenestr\u00e9 dans des circonstances troubles juste avant la bataille de Waterloo. Napol\u00e9on en sera tr\u00e8s affect\u00e9.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10721\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV2-TALLEYRAND.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles- Maurice de TALLEYRAND<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/charles-maurice-de-talleyrand\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ministre des Relations ext\u00e9rieures, il assista au sacre de Napol\u00e9on Ier en 1804. L\u2019Empereur eut \u00e0 son sujet des opinions contrast\u00e9es et conserva \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne un m\u00e9pris profond pour \u00ab le plus vil et le plus corrompu des hommes, usant de moyens odieux, qui traite ses ennemis comme s\u2019il devait un jour se r\u00e9concilier avec eux, et ses amis comme s\u2019ils devaient devenir ses ennemis \u00bb, tout en le reconnaissant brillant. Lorsque Napol\u00e9on lui lan\u00e7a \u00ab Monsieur, vous n\u2019\u00eates que de la merde dans un bas de soie \u00bb, Talleyrand r\u00e9pondit \u00ab Quel dommage, Messieurs, qu\u2019un si grand homme soit si mal \u00e9lev\u00e9 ! \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10722\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Fouche\u0301-400-520-1-.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Joseph FOUCH\u00c9, Ministre de la Police<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Collaborateur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/joseph-fouche\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ministre de la Police de Napol\u00e9on, r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement cong\u00e9di\u00e9, Napol\u00e9on le rappellera toujours m\u00eame lors des Cent-Jours. \u00c0 cette date, Fouch\u00e9 dira de lui : \u00ab Avant trois mois, je serai plus puissant que lui et s\u2019il ne m\u2019a pas fait fusiller, il sera \u00e0 mes genoux. Mon devoir est de contrarier tous les projets de l\u2019empereur. Cet homme est revenu de l\u2019\u00eele d\u2019Elbe plus fou qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait parti. Son affaire est r\u00e9gl\u00e9e, il n\u2019en a pas pour quatre mois. \u00bb Fouch\u00e9 avait eu raison\u2026<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10723\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PPV-Alexandre-Ier.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Alexandre ROMANOV, dit ALEXANDRE Ier<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/alexandre-romanov-dit-alexandre-ier\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">En 1803, Alexandre dira de lui : \u00ab Cet homme est insatiable, son ambition ne conna\u00eet pas de bornes ; il est un fl\u00e9au pour le monde ; il veut la guerre, il l\u2019aura, et le plus t\u00f4t sera le mieux ! \u00bb Relations conflictuelles. Parfois alli\u00e9s, parfois ennemis. Avant d'\u00e9pouser Marie-Louise, Napol\u00e9on avait souhait\u00e9 la main de la jeune s\u0153ur d'Alexandre Ier. Ce dernier, peu favorable, tarda \u00e0 lui r\u00e9pondre. Napol\u00e9on vex\u00e9 opta pour Marie-Louise, son second choix, m\u00eame s\u2019il donna une version plus glorieuse dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e9crites \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10724\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP5V-George-III-2-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">GEORGE III,\u00a0Roi du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d\u2019Irlande<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/george-iii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Relations ex\u00e9crables. 1804,\u00a0George\u00a0III\u00a0fut affect\u00e9 par une maladie du sang appel\u00e9e la porphyrie ayant des cons\u00e9quences sur sa sant\u00e9 mentale. Cela explique la r\u00e9gence de son fils pour diriger le royaume d\u00e8s 1811. N\u00e9anmoins, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de la paix \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8re sign\u00e9e en 1802 entre la France et le Royaume-Uni, George III et son peuple \u00e9taient les ennemis de pr\u00e9dilection de Napol\u00e9on. \u00c0 noter cependant qu\u2019en 1801 \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Union Act\u00a0\u00bb entra en vigueur et George\u00a0III\u00a0en profita pour abandonner le titre de \u00ab\u00a0roi de France\u00a0\u00bb que les souverains anglais et britanniques revendiquaient depuis le XIVe si\u00e8cle.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10725\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV0-GEORGE-IV.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">GEORGE IV,\u00a0George Augustus Frederick, Prince-r\u00e9gent<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">H\u00e9ritier de la couronne britannique<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/george-iv\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Relations ex\u00e9crables, les Anglais \u00e9ternels ennemis de Napol\u00e9on seront finalement les vainqueurs. Le 13 juillet 1815, apr\u00e8s sa d\u00e9faite \u00e0 Waterloo Napol\u00e9on a pens\u00e9 immigrer aux \u00c9tats-Unis, mais les Anglais sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 tout pour l\u2019intercepter. Napol\u00e9on va donc tenter le tout pour le tout en \u00e9crivant personnellement au prince de Galles, alors r\u00e9gent du Royaume-Uni, pour qu\u2019il lui accorde l\u2019asile. Le futur roi George IV (il acc\u00e8de au tr\u00f4ne en 1820) ignorera cette lettre : le \u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Bonaparte\u00a0\u00bb sera conduit \u00e0 bord du Bell\u00e9rophon pour conduire ce prisonnier sur l\u2019\u00eele de Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10726\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/FREDERIC-GUILLAUMEIII-de-PRUSSE-Roi-De\u0301dicataire-de-la-symphonie-n\u00b09-BEETHOVEN.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">FR\u00c9D\u00c9RICK- GUILLAUME III, Roi de Prusse<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Ennemi<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/frederick-guillaume-de-prusse\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Timide sous l'emprise de sa femme, Frederick Guillaume de Prusse tergiversait et eut du mal \u00e0 s'imposer entre Alexandre Ier et Napol\u00e9on. Longtemps, il pr\u00e9f\u00e9ra rester neutre ce qui expliqua le peu d'estime que Napol\u00e9on lui r\u00e9servait.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10727\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PRUSSE9-FREDERICK-WILLIAM-LOUISE.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louise de\u00a0Prusse, Reine de Prusse<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Ennemie<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louise-de-prusse-nee-de-mecklembourg-strelitz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Tr\u00e8s belle femme, tr\u00e8s remont\u00e9e contre les attaques des arm\u00e9es fran\u00e7aises, elle d\u00e9testait Napol\u00e9on. Elle parut en uniforme de colonel de son r\u00e9giment sur le champ de bataille d'Eylau.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10728\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP4V-Charles-IV-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles IV d'Espagne<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/charles-iv\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on organise la chute de la famille royale espagnole : \u00e0 l\u2019entrevue de Bayonne, Charles IV d'Espagne abdique et \u00e9change son tr\u00f4ne contre des terres et des revenus en France et Ferdinand renonce \u00e0 la couronne d'Espagne, Napol\u00e9on Ier d\u00e9signe son fr\u00e8re Joseph comme roi d'Espagne le 10 mai 1808, mais un soul\u00e8vement du peuple entra\u00eene une longue et sanglante guerre entre les deux pays.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10729\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Ferdinand-VII-dEspagne-400-520-VII-dEspagne-3.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">FERDINAND VII, Prince d\u2019Espagne, Prince des Asturies, Roi d\u2019Espagne<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/ferdinand-vii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on organise la chute de la famille royale espagnole : en 1808 \u00e0 Madrid, le peuple renverse Charles IV au profit de son fils Ferdinand VII. Napol\u00e9on Ier ne reconna\u00eet pas\u00a0Ferdinand VII. \u00c0 l\u2019entrevue de Bayonne, Charles IV d'Espagne abdique et \u00e9change son tr\u00f4ne contre des terres et des revenus en France et Ferdinand renonce \u00e0 la couronne d'Espagne, Napol\u00e9on Ier d\u00e9signe son fr\u00e8re Joseph comme roi d'Espagne, mais un soul\u00e8vement du peuple entra\u00eene une longue et sanglante guerre entre les deux pays.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10730\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PP3V-Bernadotte-W.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Baptiste Jules\u00a0BERNADOTTE, Militaire, Roi<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-baptiste-bernadotte-dit-charles-xiv-jean-de-suede-et-charles-iii-jean-de-norvege\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Bernadotte fut l\u2019\u00e9poux de la premi\u00e8re fianc\u00e9e de Napol\u00e9on et beau-fr\u00e8re de Joseph. Ses relations avec Napol\u00e9on furent conflictuelles. Il ne participa pas au coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 18 brumaire. Mar\u00e9chal d\u2019Empire, il fut de toutes les batailles importantes. Bernadotte fut choisi par la Su\u00e8de comme h\u00e9ritier du tr\u00f4ne. Napol\u00e9on accepta \u00e0 contrec\u0153ur de le laisser partir. Ses descendants sont toujours sur le tr\u00f4ne de Su\u00e8de. Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne : \u00ab Nous ne nous sommes pas entendus ; \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent il est trop tard. Il a ses int\u00e9r\u00eats ; sa politique et la mienne ne pourront franchement s'accorder. \u00bb<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10731\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/CLARY-DESIREE-V2.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">D\u00e9sir\u00e9e\u00a0CLARY, Reine consort de Su\u00e8de et Norv\u00e8ge<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Connaissance, \u00e9pouse de Bernadotte<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/desiree-clary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Premi\u00e8re fianc\u00e9e de Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. Joseph \u00e9tait initialement tomb\u00e9 amoureux de la jeune fille, mais Napol\u00e9on l\u2019avait d\u00e9tourn\u00e9 vers Julie pour s\u2019accorder \u00e0 lui-m\u00eame les faveurs de D\u00e9sir\u00e9e. Mais, revenus \u00e0 Paris, Napol\u00e9on tomba sous le charme de Jos\u00e9phine et oublia D\u00e9sir\u00e9e.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10732\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Louis-XVIII.-400-520jpg.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">LOUIS XVIII,\u00a0Louis Stanislas Xavier de FRANCE, Roi de France et de Navarre<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-xviii-louis-stanislas-xavier-de-france\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Fr\u00e8re de Louis XVI, h\u00e9ritier l\u00e9gitime du tr\u00f4ne pour les royalistes, il consid\u00e9rait Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte comme un usurpateur de tr\u00f4ne. Leurs relations \u00e9taient difficiles, mais au final, ce sont les souverains europ\u00e9ens, vainqueurs de Napol\u00e9on, qui d\u00e9cid\u00e8rent de remettre Louis XVIII sur son tr\u00f4ne, d\u2019o\u00f9 le nom de \u00ab\u00a0Restauration\u00a0\u00bb donn\u00e9 au r\u00e8gne de Louis XVIII apr\u00e8s la seconde abdication de Napol\u00e9on. Il \u00e9tait plus intelligent que ce que nombre d\u2019historiens veulent parfois bien lui pr\u00eater. N\u00e9anmoins, \u00eatre en concurrence avec Napol\u00e9on \u00e9tait comme pour tous, une difficult\u00e9 dont nombreux se seraient pass\u00e9s.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10733\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/PPV-Louis-Philippe-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">LOUIS-PHILIPPE Ier,\u00a0Louis-Philippe d\u2019ORL\u00c9ANS, Roi des Fran\u00e7ais<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-philippe-ier-louis-philippe-dorleans\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">En mourant, dans un codicille de son testament \u00e9crit le 16 avril 1821 \u00e0 Longwood House, Napol\u00e9on avait manifest\u00e9 le d\u00e9sir d\u2019\u00eatre inhum\u00e9 \u00ab sur les bords de la Seine, au milieu de ce peuple fran\u00e7ais [qu\u2019il avait] tant aim\u00e9 \u00bb. Adolphe Thiers, nouveau Pr\u00e9sident du Conseil de Louis-Philippe, et historien du Consulat et de l\u2019Empire, r\u00e9alisa son v\u0153u et l\u2019orchestra le retour de la d\u00e9pouille mortuaire de Napol\u00e9on comme un grand \u00ab coup \u00bb politique.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10734\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP5V-Bourrienne-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis Fauvelet de\u00a0BOURRIENNE, Diplomate, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Secr\u00e9taire de NApol\u00e9on<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-antoine-fauvelet-de-bourrienne\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ami de coll\u00e8ge de Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole militaire de Brienne, il deviendra son secr\u00e9taire particulier lors de la premi\u00e8re campagne d\u2019Italie. Puis Napol\u00e9on le nommera conseiller d\u2019\u00c9tat. Mais Bourrienne \u00e9tait peu scrupuleux en affaires et serait \u00e0 l\u2019origine de plusieurs malversations ou de sp\u00e9culer sur la vente de marchandises anglaises en plein blocus continental. Leur relation sera d\u00e9finitivement rompue quand en 1814, Bourrienne devient directeur des postes puis d\u00e9put\u00e9 de l\u2019Yonne. Il fit faillite \u00e0 la Restauration et perdit la raison.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10735\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-TALMA.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph TALMA, Acteur<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/francois-joseph-talma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Baryton et acteur pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 de Bonaparte, il fut un c\u00e9l\u00e8bre soci\u00e9taire de la Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise. Napol\u00e9on \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s th\u00e9\u00e2tral dans sa fa\u00e7on d\u2019\u00eatre. Champion de la communication, il savait donner une dimension \u00e0 ses actes que ce soit victoires ou d\u00e9faites. Ces qualit\u00e9s reconnues furent perfectionn\u00e9es, gr\u00e2ce aux cours que Napol\u00e9on prit avec Talma.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10736\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Kleber-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Baptiste\u00a0KLEBER, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Ami<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-baptiste-kleber\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Proche de Napol\u00e9on, Kleber mourut assassin\u00e9 au Caire, le m\u00eame jour que Desaix. Napol\u00e9on lui avait confi\u00e9 le commandement supr\u00eame de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e en \u00c9gypte. Le transfert des cendres vers sa ville natale dans la cath\u00e9drale de Strasbourg sera autoris\u00e9 sous Louis XVIII.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10737\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Desaix-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis Charles Antoine\u00a0DESAIX, Militaire, G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-charles-antoine-desaix\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Desaix rencontra Napol\u00e9on pendant la premi\u00e8re campagne d\u2019Italie. Desaix participa \u00e0 la Campagne d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Il mourra en Italie lors de la seconde Campagne, le m\u00eame jour que Kleber, en sauvant l\u2019Arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise lors de la bataille de Marengo. Napol\u00e9on qui l\u2019appr\u00e9ciait le pleura.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10738\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Kellermann-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Fran\u00e7ois-Christophe\u00a0KELLERMANN, Politicien, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Seul mar\u00e9chal d'Empire \u00e0 avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sous l'ancien r\u00e9gime<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/francois-christophe-kellermann\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Bonaparte \u00e9crivit \u00e0 Carnot, lorsque le Directoire voulut l\u2019associer \u00e0 Kellermann \u00e0 la t\u00eate de l'arm\u00e9e d'Italie : \u00ab R\u00e9unir Kellermann et moi, c'est vouloir tout perdre. Ce g\u00e9n\u00e9ral a sans doute plus d'exp\u00e9rience et fera mieux la guerre que moi ; mais tous deux ensemble nous la ferons mal, et je ne puis pas servir volontiers avec un homme qui se croit le premier g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'Europe. \u00bb<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10739\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP2V-Augereau-400-520-e1545233562626.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles Pierre Fran\u00e7ois\u00a0AUGEREAU, Mar\u00e9chal d\u2019Empire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/pierre-augereau\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Augereau fut le seul mar\u00e9chal d\u2019Empire \u00e0 avoir servi dans sa jeunesse dans l'arm\u00e9e prussienne pour combattre contre l\u2019Empire ottoman. Il fut de toutes les grandes campagnes. En 1814, il se rallia \u00e0 Louis XVIII qui le fit pair de France. Napol\u00e9on le d\u00e9clarera \u00ab traite \u00e0 la France \u00bb et ne le reprendra pas durant les 100 jours. Napol\u00e9on aura des termes durs envers lui dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne : \u00ab Augereau, qui comme guerrier a de belles pages dans l'histoire, manquait essentiellement de t\u00e9nacit\u00e9 dans le succ\u00e8s. Il \u00e9tait toujours comme fatigu\u00e9, comme d\u00e9courag\u00e9 par la victoire m\u00eame ; il en avait toujours assez \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10740\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Lannes-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean\u00a0LANNES, Mar\u00e9chal d'Empire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-lannes-duc-de-montebello\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Proche de Napol\u00e9on, Lannes fut de la Campagne d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Avec Davout, Mass\u00e9na et Suchet, ils \u00e9taient les seuls mar\u00e9chaux capables de diriger une arm\u00e9e en l\u2019absence de l\u2019empereur. Lannes accompagna Bonaparte \u00e0 Erfurt pour son entretien avec Alexandre Ier au sujet de leur alliance. \u00c0 cette occasion, Alexandre le d\u00e9cora du cordon de l'ordre de Saint-Andr\u00e9, que Lannes portera avec l'autorisation personnelle de Napol\u00e9on. Lannes mourut \u00e0 Essling peu apr\u00e8s la bataille. Tr\u00e8s loyal \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on, ses propos furent \u00e9logieux dans son m\u00e9morial de Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne. Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte fut le parrain de son fils est a\u00een\u00e9.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10741\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP3V-Duroc-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Michel\u00a0DUROC, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/michel-duroc\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Compagnon d\u2019\u00c9gypte, Duroc fut surnomm\u00e9 \u00ab l\u2019ombre de Napol\u00e9on \u00bb. Il \u00e9tait proche de lui, lors du bal donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Varsovie par Talleyrand en 1807, Duroc fit l\u2019entremetteur portant les billets enflamm\u00e9s de Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 Marie Waleswska. Sous l\u2019empire, il le nomma grand mar\u00e9chal du palais, sp\u00e9cialement charg\u00e9 de veiller \u00e0 la s\u00fbret\u00e9 de sa personne imp\u00e9riale. Il tomba au champ d'honneur \u00e0 la bataille de Bautzen en Saxe. Une station de m\u00e9tro porte son nom dans le 7e arrondissement (lignes 10 et 13).<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10742\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-NEY.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Michel\u00a0NEY, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/michel-ney-duc-delchingen-prince-de-la-moskowa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ney servit sous Kleber, Mass\u00e9na et Moreau. Surnomm\u00e9 \u00ab l\u2019infatigable \u00bb, il n\u2019avait peur de rien. Ney eut de mauvaises relations avec Soult et Mass\u00e9na. \u00c0 Fontainebleau, il pressa l\u2019Empereur d\u2019abdiquer pour se rallier aux Bourbons. Premier mar\u00e9chal \u00e0 abandonner Napol\u00e9on, il fut fait pair de France par Louis XVIII, mais sera condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 mort \u00e0 la suite de son action durant les 100 jours o\u00f9, parti pour ramener Bonaparte \u00ab dans une cage de lions \u00bb il se rallia \u00e0 lui, fut condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 mort et ex\u00e9cut\u00e9.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10743\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Grouchy-1-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Emmanuel de\u00a0GROUCHY, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/emmanuel-de-grouchy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">eau-fr\u00e8re de Condorcet, Grouchy avait \u00e9t\u00e9 un proche de Moreau et de Flahaut. \"Petit dernier\" d'une longue lign\u00e9e de mar\u00e9chaux d'Empire, seul mar\u00e9chal de la promotion de 1815, Napol\u00e9on lui reprocha de graves erreurs de commandement en n\u2019apportant pas son soutien de 34 000 hommes le 18 juin \u00e0 Waterloo \u00ab La conduite du mar\u00e9chal Grouchy \u00e9tait aussi impr\u00e9visible que si, sur sa route, son arm\u00e9e e\u00fbt \u00e9prouv\u00e9 un tremblement de terre qui l\u2019e\u00fbt engloutie \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10744\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV0-Dumas-Gd-Pe\u0300re-400x520.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Thomas Alexandre Davy de La Pailleterie, dit le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral\u00a0DUMAS, Militaire, G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/thomas-alexandre-davy-de-la-pailleterie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, c\u2019est un mul\u00e2tre\u00a0: son p\u00e8re noble l\u2019a eu avec son esclave \u00e0 Saint-Domingue. Bonaparte choisit le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Dumas pour commander la cavalerie de l'arm\u00e9e d'Orient durant l\u2019exp\u00e9dition d\u2019\u00c9gypte. C\u2019est l\u2019un des postes les plus prestigieux. Murat et Leclerc, le futur mari de Pauline Bonaparte, furent sous ses ordres.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10745\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-Soult-400-520-copie.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-de-dieu\u00a0SOULT<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-de-dieu-soult\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Soult fut un des rares mar\u00e9chaux capables de diriger une arm\u00e9e en l\u2019absence de l\u2019Empereur. Soult fut sous les ordres de Moreau, Kl\u00e9ber, Mass\u00e9na et ses relations furent tendues avec Suchet et Joseph Bonaparte en Espagne. Il se rallie \u00e0 Louis XVIII, mais pendant les 100 jours Napol\u00e9on le promut Major g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Arm\u00e9es pour succ\u00e9der \u00e0 Berthier d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9. Nomm\u00e9 pair de France par Charles X, il eut une riche carri\u00e8re politique sous Louis Philippe, ce dernier lui remit le titre de Mar\u00e9chal g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de France.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10746\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-PONIATOWSKI.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">J\u00f3zef Antoni\u00a0PONIATOWSKI<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jozef-antoni-poniatowski\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Surnomm\u00e9 le Bayard polonais, Poniatowski est le neveu du roi de Pologne. Il rentre dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e autrichienne et se rallie \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on qui le nomme ministre de la guerre du Grand-Duch\u00e9 de Varsovie. \u00c9lev\u00e9 \u00e0 la dignit\u00e9 de Mar\u00e9chal d\u2019Empire, il est l\u2019unique g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00e9tranger \u00e0 qui cette dignit\u00e9 fut attribu\u00e9e. Il mourra noy\u00e9 lors de la bataille de Leipzig. \u00c0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, l'empereur dit de lui : \u00ab le vrai roi de Pologne, c'\u00e9tait Poniatowski. Il en r\u00e9unissait tous les titres, il en avait tous les talents <\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10747\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-RAPP.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean\u00a0RAPP<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-rapp\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Aide de camp de Desaix, il fit campagne d\u2019\u00c9gypte \u00e0 ses c\u00f4t\u00e9s o\u00f9 Bonaparte le remarqua. \u00c0 la mort de Desaix \u00e0 Marengo, Napol\u00e9on le prit comme aide de camp et le garda jusqu\u2019en 1814. Proche de Napol\u00e9on, il effectuera de nombreuses missions de confiance. En 1809, Rapp emp\u00eacha Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Staps d\u2019assassiner Napol\u00e9on. Proche Jos\u00e9phine, Rapp le bl\u00e2ma lors de son divorce. \u00c0 la restauration, il fut nomm\u00e9 pair de France par Louis XVIII puis premier chambellan et ma\u00eetre de la garde-robe en 1820.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10748\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Lariboisiere-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean Ambroise Baston de\u00a0LARIBOISI\u00c8RE, G\u00e9n\u00e9ral\u00a0<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-ambroise-baston-de-lariboisiere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Bien que plus \u00e2g\u00e9, son amiti\u00e9 avec Bonaparte fut sinc\u00e8re. Tous deux se sont connus dans le r\u00e9giment d\u2019artillerie de la F\u00e8re. Lariboisi\u00e8re fut charg\u00e9 par Napol\u00e9on le 24 juin 1807 de construire sur le Ni\u00e9men le radeau qui servit aux conf\u00e9rences entre Napol\u00e9on et Alexandre Ier. Pour Lariboisi\u00e8re, la victoire de la Moskowa pendant la Campagne de Russie fut endeuill\u00e9e par la mort de son fils mortellement bless\u00e9. Affaibli par cette perte, il mourut sur le chemin de retour vers Paris. Sa belle-fille \u00c9lisa de Lariboisi\u00e8re, \u00e9pouse de son fils d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e sans h\u00e9ritier offrit sa fortune \u00e0 la fondation d\u2019un h\u00f4pital parisien. Elle fut attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re construit rapidement \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de chol\u00e9ra de 1832.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10749\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-MASSENA.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Andr\u00e9\u00a0MASSENA, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/andre-massena\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Mass\u00e9na \u00e9tait avec Davout, Lannes et Suchet les seuls mar\u00e9chaux capables de diriger une arm\u00e9e en l\u2019absence de l\u2019Empereur. Mass\u00e9na avait 37 ans et une r\u00e9putation bien \u00e9tablie pour prendre le commandement en chef de l'arm\u00e9e d'Italie lorsque Bonaparte de 10 ans son cadet fut nomm\u00e9. \u00ab Mass\u00e9na, a dit Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, \u00e9tait d'un rare courage et d'une t\u00e9nacit\u00e9 remarquable. Son talent croissait par l'exc\u00e8s du p\u00e9ril \u00bb. Il \u00e9choua cependant contre Wellington au Portugal. Ralli\u00e9 aux Bourbons \u00e0 la restauration il fut nomm\u00e9 pair de France.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10750\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-SUCHET.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis-Gabriel SUCHET<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"http:\/\/aline-voinohttps:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-SUCHET.jpgt.com\/index.php\/louis-gabriel-suchet-duc-dalbufera\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on d\u00e9clare \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne que \u00ab s'il avait eu deux mar\u00e9chaux comme Suchet en Espagne, non seulement il aurait conquis la p\u00e9ninsule, mais il l'aurait aussi gard\u00e9e. Son esprit juste, conciliant, administratif, son tact militaire et sa bravoure lui avaient fait obtenir des succ\u00e8s inou\u00efs. Il est f\u00e2cheux, disait-il, que des souverains ne puissent pas improviser des hommes comme celui-l\u00e0. \u00bb Il a \u00e9pous\u00e9 Rose Clary, la s\u0153ur a\u00een\u00e9e de D\u00e9sir\u00e9e et Julie Clary, \u00e9pouses de Bernadotte et Joseph Bonaparte.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10751\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV_-Macdonald-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">\u00c9tienne-Jacques-Joseph\u00a0MACDONALD, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/etienne-jacques-joseph-macdonald-duc-de-tarente\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">D\u2019origine \u00e9cossaise, le jeune Macdonald d\u00e9buta sous les ordres de Pichegru pendant la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise. Il participa au coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 18 brumaire. Apr\u00e8s Wagram, Napol\u00e9on dit \u00e0 Macdonald : \u00ab C'est \u00e0 vous et \u00e0 l'artillerie de ma garde que je dois une partie de cette journ\u00e9e... \u00c0 pr\u00e9sent, c'est entre nous \u00e0 la vie et \u00e0 la mort. \u00bb Apr\u00e8s la premi\u00e8re abdication, il accepta de la prairie de Louis XVIII et refusa tout poste pendant les 100 jours. Le 10 ao\u00fbt 1830, lors de sa derni\u00e8re apparition officielle, il pr\u00e9senta \u00e0 l'Assembl\u00e9e la couronne royale de Louis-Philippe. Malgr\u00e9 tout, Napol\u00e9on aura de bons mots pour lui dans son m\u00e9morial : \u00ab McDonald avait une grande loyaut\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10752\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Larrey-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Dominique-Jean\u00a0LARREY, Chirurgien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/dominique-jean-larrey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">M\u00e9decin et chirurgien militaire fran\u00e7ais, Larrey est le p\u00e8re de la m\u00e9decine d\u2019urgence. Chirurgien en chef de la Grande arm\u00e9e, il suivit Napol\u00e9on dans toutes ces campagnes. En \u00c9gypte, il embauma Kl\u00e9ber assassin\u00e9. Larrey a appartenu \u00e0 la Franc-Ma\u00e7onnerie. Il est celui qui amputa les deux jambes de Lannes, mais n\u2019a pas pu le sauver. En revanche, c\u2019est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 Larrey que Philippe de S\u00e9gur eut sa jambe \u00e9pargn\u00e9e pendant la guerre d\u2019Espagne. Son fils Hippolyte sera m\u00e9decin-chef de l'arm\u00e9e et chirurgien de Napol\u00e9on III.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10753\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-MARMONT.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Auguste Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Louis Viesse de\u00a0MARMONT, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/auguste-de-marmont\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Marmont connut une ascension fulgurante dans le sillage de Bonaparte, rencontr\u00e9 au si\u00e8ge de Toulon en 1793. Bonaparte le jugeait mauvais militaire, mais aimait son grand c\u0153ur : \u00ab la vanit\u00e9 a perdu le duc de Raguse. La post\u00e9rit\u00e9 fl\u00e9trira justement sa vie, pourtant son c\u0153ur vaudra mieux que sa m\u00e9moire. \u00bb Il fut choisi pour des missions \u00e9loign\u00e9es du th\u00e9\u00e2tre des op\u00e9rations militaires. Ses qualit\u00e9s d\u2019homme d\u2019affaires ne furent pas meilleures : tentatives industrielles pour fabriquer du sucre de betterave et sp\u00e9culations hasardeuses et continuelles compromirent gravement son cr\u00e9dit et sa fortune. La mar\u00e9chale r\u00e9clama avec fracas sa s\u00e9paration de biens.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10754\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV1-VILLENEUVE.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Pierre de VILLENEUVE<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/pierre-charles-silvestre-de-villeneuve\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Villeneuve participa \u00e0 la guerre d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance des \u00c9tats-Unis et \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9dition d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Il fut le Commandant en chef de la flotte franco-espagnole lors de la bataille de Trafalgar qui se solda par une d\u00e9faite, la mort de l\u2019Amiral Nelson et le suicide de Villeneuve peu de temps apr\u00e8s. Cette d\u00e9faite an\u00e9antit le projet de Napol\u00e9on, d\u2019envahir l\u2019Angleterre par la France. Jugement de Napol\u00e9on dans ces m\u00e9moires de Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne : \u00ab Avec plus de vigueur, Villeneuve e\u00fbt pu rendre l\u2019attaque du Royaume-Uni praticable, sa mollesse vint tout perdre \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10755\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pp3vandochejunot400520copie.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Andoche\u00a0JUNOT, duc d\u2019ABRANT\u00c8S, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-andoche-junot\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Proche de Bonaparte il fut son secr\u00e9taire \u00e0 Toulon\u00a0: \u00ab il avait une belle \u00e9criture \u00bb. Bonaparte le surnomma de \u00ab Junot la Temp\u00eate \u00bb, car il \u00e9tait incontr\u00f4lable. Gravement bless\u00e9 en Espagne dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e de Mass\u00e9na contre Wellington, il gardera des troubles du comportement et n\u2019obtiendra jamais le b\u00e2ton de mar\u00e9chal. Il est le grand-oncle de la m\u00e8re du po\u00e8te Pierre Lou\u00ffs.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10756\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP2V-Lafayette-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Gilbert du MOTIER de\u00a0La FAYETTE, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/gilbert-du-motier-de-la-fayette\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Durant son r\u00e8gne, Napol\u00e9on prit ses distances avec Lafayette. Apr\u00e8s les Cent-Jours, Lafayette participa \u00e0 la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur. Dans ses m\u00e9moires \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, Napol\u00e9on le qualifiera de \u00ab un niais, sans talents civils ni militaires, un esprit born\u00e9, un caract\u00e8re dissimul\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10757\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-MOREAU.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean Victor Marie MOREAU, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-victor-marie-moreau\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on aurait voulu lui donner la main de Caroline, mais cette derni\u00e8re lui pr\u00e9f\u00e9ra Murat et Napol\u00e9on c\u00e9da pour le bonheur de sa plus jeune s\u0153ur. Moreau \u00e9pousa une amie de Jos\u00e9phine. Il participa au coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 18 brumaire. Sous les ordres de Pichegru \u00e0 ses d\u00e9buts, les deux hommes devinrent amis. Cette relation lui vaudra des ennuis et l\u2019obligea \u00e0 s\u2019exiler aux USA suite au proc\u00e8s Cadoudal. Nomm\u00e9 Fed-Marechal de l\u2019arm\u00e9e russe par Alexandre Ier sur recommandation de Bernadotte, il fut tu\u00e9 lors de la bataille de Dresde. Louis XVIII le fit mar\u00e9chal de France \u00e0 titre posthume.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10758\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-MONGE.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Gaspard MONGE, Math\u00e9maticien, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/gaspard-monge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on et Monge furent de tr\u00e8s bons amis et leurs \u00e9pouses (Jos\u00e9phine) aussi. Les deux hommes firent connaissance lors de la premi\u00e8re campagne d\u2019Italie pour laquelle Monge fut nomm\u00e9 membre de la commission des Sciences et des Arts. Il fut \u00e9galement charg\u00e9 de mission dans l\u2019exp\u00e9dition d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Monge participa \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019\u00e9cole Polytechnique avec Carnot et celle des Arts et M\u00e9tiers avec Berthollet, Chaptal et Laplace. Monge fut \u00e9galement Membre du Conseil des Cinq-Cents et du S\u00e9nat.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10759\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Laplace-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">\u00a0Pierre-Simon de\u00a0LAPLACE, \u00a0Math\u00e9maticien, Astronome, Physicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/pierre-simon-de-laplace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">En 1785, Laplace fut l\u2019examinateur de math\u00e9matique de Bonaparte, candidat \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole militaire de Paris section artillerie. Devenu Consul, il le nomma ministre de l\u2019Int\u00e9rieur, mais le d\u00e9missionna tr\u00e8s vite, le trouvant inapte \u00e0 la politique. \u00c0 propos de son \u00ab Trait\u00e9 de M\u00e9canique c\u00e9leste \u00bb, Napol\u00e9on l'apostropha, furieux : \u00ab Comment, vous donnez les lois de toute la cr\u00e9ation et, dans tout votre livre, vous ne parlez pas une seule fois de l'existence de Dieu ! \u2013 Sire, r\u00e9pondit Laplace, je n'avais pas besoin de cette hypoth\u00e8se\u00a0\u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10760\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP3V-Carnot-pe\u0300re-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Lazare\u00a0CARNOT, Physicien, Math\u00e9maticien, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/lazare-carnot\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Carnot fut Directeur du Directoire, puis ministre de la Guerre du Consulat pendant 6 mois, avant de demander \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on de se retirer de la vie politique. Carnot vota contre l'\u00e9tablissement de l'Empire en 1804. Ministre de l'Int\u00e9rieur durant les Cent-Jours, il fut aussi membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte \u00e9tait le Pr\u00e9sident.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10761\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pp1vampereandremarie-2.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Andr\u00e9-Marie\u00a0AMP\u00c8RE, Math\u00e9maticien, Physicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Bonaparte est airecteur de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/andre-marie-ampere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte est le pr\u00e9sident. En 1808,\u00a0Napol\u00e9on\u00a0le nomme inspecteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'Universit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise imp\u00e9riale.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10762\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/PPDAVOUT.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis Nicolas DAVOUT, Mar\u00e9chal d'empire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-nicolas-davout\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Davout rencontra Bonaparte, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 Desaix. Il joua un r\u00f4le majeur lors des guerres napol\u00e9oniennes. Il est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le meilleur subordonn\u00e9 de Napol\u00e9on sur le plan tactique, seul mar\u00e9chal de l'Empire rest\u00e9 invaincu au cours de sa carri\u00e8re militaire. Il fut d\u00e9sign\u00e9 gouverneur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du duch\u00e9 de Varsovie puis commandant en chef de l'arm\u00e9e d'Allemagne en l'absence de l'Empereur. Napol\u00e9on le nomme ministre de la Guerre durant les Cent-Jours. Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite de Waterloo, il se retire dans ses terres de Savigny-sur-Orge.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10763\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP2V-Berthollet.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Claude Louis\u00a0BERTHOLLET, Chimiste<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/claude-louis-berthollet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Berthollet et Monge \u00e9taient les scientifiques les plus proches de Napol\u00e9on. Il fit leur connaissance pendant le si\u00e8ge de Mantoue (Italie). Ils particip\u00e8rent \u00e0 la campagne d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Napol\u00e9on avait une confiance absolue en Berthollet, lorsqu\u2019une question scientifique \u00e9tait controvers\u00e9e, Napol\u00e9on avait coutume de dire \u00ab Je demanderai \u00e0 Berthollet \u00bb. Berthollet fut le professeur de chimie de Napol\u00e9on. L\u2019Empereur le fit comte, puis il devint pair de France sous la Restauration, son manque de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Empereur lui fut reproch\u00e9.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10764\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP1V.-Nicolas-Conte\u0301.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Nicolas CONT\u00c9, Ing\u00e9nieur, Chimiste, A\u00e9orostier<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Bonaparte est directeur de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/nicolas-conte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, il participa \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9dition d\u2019\u00c9gypte en tant que chef de brigade des a\u00e9rostiers. Sa pr\u00e9sence fut salu\u00e9e, car son esprit inventif et ing\u00e9nieux lui a permis de fabriquer tout le mat\u00e9riel que les Anglais avaient coul\u00e9 lors de la bataille navale d\u2019Aboukir (moulins \u00e0 vent, draps, monnaie, appareils de chirurgie, outils, armes, etc.). Napol\u00e9on disait de lui\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Conte, qui \u00e9tait \u00e0 la t\u00eate des a\u00e9ronautes, homme universel, ayant le go\u00fbt, les connaissances et le g\u00e9nie des arts, pr\u00e9cieux dans un pays \u00e9loign\u00e9, bon \u00e0 tout, capable de cr\u00e9er les arts de la France au milieu des d\u00e9serts de l'Arabie\u00a0\u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10765\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Biot.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Baptiste\u00a0BIOT, Physicien, Astronome, Math\u00e9maticien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-baptiste-biot\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on \u00e9tait le directeur Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences. Les relations entre Biot et Bonaparte \u00e9taient cordiales, mais distantes surtout apr\u00e8s l\u2019ex\u00e9cution du Duc d\u2019Enghien. Bonaparte le sut et lui refusa syst\u00e9matiquement la L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneur chaque fois que Laplace la demandait pour lui, arguant que le scientifique \u00e9tait trop jeune. Biot n\u2019obtint cette d\u00e9coration qu\u2019apr\u00e8s la chute de l\u2019Empire.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10766\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Arago.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Fran\u00e7ois\u00a0ARAGO, Astronome, Physicien, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Bonaparte est directeur de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/francois-arago\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte est le pr\u00e9sident.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10767\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-ALESSANDRO_VOLTA.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Alessandro VOLTA, Physicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/alessandro-volta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte \u00e9tait le pr\u00e9sident. Napol\u00e9on en r\u00e9compense de son invention pour la pile \u00e9lectrique \u00e9leva Volta au titre de comte du Royaume en 1810. Napol\u00e9on \u00e9tait alors roi d\u2019Italie.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10768\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-B_G_de_Lace\u0301pe\u0300de-1.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Bernard Germain LACEPEDE, Politicien, Zoologiste<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/bernard-germain-de-lacepede\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte est le pr\u00e9sident.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10769\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/PPV-Gay-Lussac-W.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">\u00a0Louis Joseph\u00a0GAY-LUSSAC, Chimiste, Physicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-joseph-gay-lussac\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte est le pr\u00e9sident.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10770\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Corvisart.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Nicolas\u00a0CORVISART-DESMARETS, M\u00e9decin<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-nicolas-corvisart\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Il fut le m\u00e9decin personnel de Napol\u00e9on et de Jos\u00e9phine, Napol\u00e9on affirmera : \u00ab Je ne crois pas \u00e0 la m\u00e9decine, mais je crois en Corvisart \u00bb. En tant que premier m\u00e9decin de Sa Majest\u00e9 Imp\u00e9riale, Corvisart assiste au lever et au coucher de l'Empereur deux jours par semaine, le mercredi et le samedi. Il accompagne son imp\u00e9rial patient, dont il dissipe les malaises par une hygi\u00e8ne alimentaire stricte. Corvisart est aussi membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on est le pr\u00e9sident.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10771\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/PP7V-Bichat.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Marie Fran\u00e7ois Xavier\u00a0BICHAT, M\u00e9decin Biologiste, Physiologiste<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Bonaparte est directeur de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences<\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10772\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-BARB_MARBOIS.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Fran\u00e7ois\u00a0 BARB\u00c9- MARBOIS, Diplomate, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Collaborateur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/francois-barbe-marbois\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Barb\u00e9-Marbois \u00e9tait un ministre du Tr\u00e9sor conciliant pour Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. Il s\u2019acquitta m\u00e9diocrement de la vente de la Louisiane aux Am\u00e9ricains et eut une gestion catastrophique du Tr\u00e9sor de l\u2019\u00c9tat, lorsque Napol\u00e9on lui demanda des millions pour la campagne d\u2019Allemagne. D\u00e9pass\u00e9 par les \u00e9v\u00e9nements, il se laissa manipuler par le peu recommandable Ouvrard. Il s\u2019ensuivit une \u00e9norme crise financi\u00e8re. Napol\u00e9on limogea son ministre \u00e0 son retour d\u2019Austerlitz.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10773\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Pierre-Samuel-du-Pont-verif-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Pierre Samuel\u00a0Du PONT de NEMOURS, \u00c9conomiste, Politicien, Diplomate<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Connaissance<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/pierre-samuel-du-pont-de-nemours\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Du Pont de Nemours s\u2019exila aux \u00c9tats-Unis, le 1er janvier 1800, lorsque Napol\u00e9on conquit le pouvoir. L\u00e0-bas, Nemours menait une carri\u00e8re de conseiller aupr\u00e8s du pr\u00e9sident Jefferson tout en \u00e9tant proche de l\u2019Industrie. En 1803, il fut l\u2019instigateur et le conseiller du pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis, pour le rachat de la Louisiane. En 1814, tandis que Napol\u00e9on abdiqua, il fut nomm\u00e9 par Talleyrand secr\u00e9taire du gouvernement provisoire. Il quitta la France pour les \u00c9tats-Unis durant les Cent-Jours.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10774\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Chaptal.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Antoine\u00a0CHAPTAL, M\u00e9decin, Chimiste, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-antoine-chaptal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences dont Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte est le pr\u00e9sident. En parall\u00e8le de ses travaux scientifiques et ses cours \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole Polytechnique en chimie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale, Chaptal fut nomm\u00e9 ministre de l'Int\u00e9rieur par Bonaparte, succ\u00e9dant ainsi \u00e0 Lucien. Chaptal participa \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de nombreuses \u00e9coles dont les Arts et M\u00e9tiers, ou l'\u00e9cole de\u00a0sages-femmes\u00a0de l'Hospice de la maternit\u00e9 de Paris. Il mourut dans la pauvret\u00e9, ruin\u00e9 par les dettes de son fils.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10775\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/PP4V-PASQUIER-2.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">\u00a0\u00c9tienne-Denis\u00a0PASQUIER, Pr\u00e9fet de police<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Connaissance<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/etienne-denis-pasquier\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Pr\u00e9fet de Paris, en 1812, Pasquier ne parvint pas \u00e0 emp\u00eacher le complot des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux Malet et Lahorie\u00a0: il fut arr\u00eat\u00e9 et conduit avec Savary \u00e0 la prison de la Force, dont il ne sortit que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'intervention du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Hulin. Malgr\u00e9 cet incident, il fut maintenu en fonctions et servit Napol\u00e9on Ier avec z\u00e8le. Durant les Cent-Jours, l'Empereur l\u2019ignore. Sous la Seconde Restauration, il est r\u00e9habilit\u00e9 et devient garde des Sceaux et ministre de l'Int\u00e9rieur par int\u00e9rim dans le cabinet Fouch\u00e9-Talleyrand.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10776\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PP1V-Savary_5403.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Anne Jean Marie Ren\u00e9\u00a0 SAVARY, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Collaborateur<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/anne-jean-marie-rene-savary\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Remarqu\u00e9 par le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Bonaparte, il devient son aide de camp, puis le Premier consul lui confie plusieurs missions sp\u00e9ciales. En 1803, il d\u00e9noue le complot de Cadoudal avant de tenir le premier r\u00f4le dans l'ex\u00e9cution du duc d'Enghien en mars 1804. Proche du Premier consul et de sa famille, il \u00e9pouse une parente de Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais. Il remplacera Fouch\u00e9 au minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Int\u00e9rieur et de la Police lorsque ce dernier sera cong\u00e9di\u00e9.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10777\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Caulaincourt.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Armand de\u00a0 CAULAINCOURT, Militaire, Diplomate<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/armand-de-caulaincourt\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">\u00ab Maret, duc de Bassano et Caulaincourt, deux hommes de c\u0153ur et de droiture \u00bb C\u2019est en ces termes que Napol\u00e9on, les qualifia durant son exil \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne. Caulaincourt \u00e9tait un diplomate appr\u00e9ci\u00e9. M\u00eame ses adversaires politiques ont reconnu son int\u00e9grit\u00e9 et son sens de l\u2019honneur.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10778\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-MARET-duc-BASSANO.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Hugues- Bernard\u00a0 MARET, Politicien, Diplomate<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/hugues-bernard-maret-duc-de-bassano\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">\u00ab Maret, duc de Bassano et Caulaincourt, deux hommes de c\u0153ur et de droiture \u00bb, c\u2019est en ces termes que Napol\u00e9on, les qualifia durant son exil \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne. Intelligent, gros travailleur et discret, Maret \u00e9tait le chef de Napol\u00e9on. Son fils Napol\u00e9on Maret de Bassano fut plus tard grand chambellan de l'empereur Napol\u00e9on III.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10779\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/X1.-1.-Victor-Hugo-Pe\u0300re.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Joseph L\u00e9opold Sigisbert\u00a0 HUGO, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Connaissance<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/joseph-leopold-sigisbert-hugo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Fils d\u2019un adjudant de l\u2019arm\u00e9e royale Joseph fut colonel, puis g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019Empire. Proche de Joseph Bonaparte, il officiera dans les diff\u00e9rents royaumes de Joseph, Naples d\u2019abord, Madrid ensuite lorsque l\u2019a\u00een\u00e9 des Bonaparte devint roi d\u2019Espagne. Pendant les Cent-Jours, il assurera la d\u00e9fense de Thionville. Il prit sa retraite en 1824 et mourut \u00e0 54 ans, son fils Victor avait 26 ans.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10780\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-Segur-400-5205408.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis Philippe de\u00a0S\u00c9GUR<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-philippe-de-segur\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Descendant de Louis XIII et d\u2019Henri IV. Le p\u00e8re de Louis-Philippe fut le ministre de la Guerre de Louis XVI. Charles Bonaparte lui \u00e9crivit pour obtenir de Louis XVI une bourse d\u2019\u00e9tudes militaires pour ses fils. Il fr\u00e9quenta Voltaire dans sa jeunesse. Ambassadeur de France en Russie, il fut appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 par Catherine II, grand-m\u00e8re d\u2019Alexandre Ier. Napol\u00e9on le nomma grand ma\u00eetre des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies. Louis XVIII le fit pair France. Son petit-fils \u00e9pousera Sophie Rostopchine la future comtesse de S\u00e9gur.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10781\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/PPV-Philippe-de-Segur-1.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Philippe Paul de\u00a0S\u00c9GUR<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/philippe-paul-de-segur\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Sous les ordres de Macdonald, puis de Joseph Bonaparte alors Roi de Naples, S\u00e9gur devint aide de camp de l\u2019Empereur pendant la campagne de Russie. Napol\u00e9on s\u2019int\u00e9ressa \u00e0 sa plume d\u2019\u00e9crivain et d\u2019historien. Nomm\u00e9 pair de France par Louis XVIII, il devint ensuite administrateur de compagnies de chemin de fer. Il est l\u2019oncle par alliance de Sophie Rostopchine, comtesse de S\u00e9gur. Membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, son \u00ab Histoire de Napol\u00e9on et la Grande arm\u00e9e en 1812 \u00bb est pr\u00e9cieuse pour les historiens.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10782\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/PP0V-Laure-Junot.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">\u00a0Laure\u00a0JUNOT, \u00c9crivain<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/laure-junot\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Leurs m\u00e8res \u00e9taient amies, c\u2019est ce qui explique l\u2019indulgence de Napol\u00e9on envers la d\u00e9lur\u00e9e duchesse d\u2019Abrant\u00e8s. Il lui reprochera quand m\u00eame les d\u00e9bordements de son salon o\u00f9 elle invitait des personnalit\u00e9s clairement oppos\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019Empereur, sans compter qu\u2019elle fut la ma\u00eetresse du diplomate autrichien Metternich lorsqu\u2019il \u00e9tait ambassadeur d\u2019Autriche en France. Elle ne se ralliera pas \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on durant les Cent-Jours, et s\u2019affichera au contraire en faveur du retour des Bourbons sur le tr\u00f4ne.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10783\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/PPV10-RECAMIER-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Juliette\u00a0R\u00c9CAMIER, Salonni\u00e8re<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/juliette-recamier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Juliette, l\u2019\u00e9g\u00e9rie du Tout-Paris, avait d\u2019abord \u00e9t\u00e9 subjugu\u00e9e par ce jeune g\u00e9n\u00e9ral devenu Premier consul. Ce dernier n\u2019\u00e9tait pas insensible aux charmes de la jeune fille, il a m\u00eame souhait\u00e9 qu\u2019elle f\u00eet partie de sa Cour, ce qu\u2019elle refusa. Sa proximit\u00e9 avec Mme de Sta\u00ebl n\u2019a pas jou\u00e9 en sa faveur et la conduisit, elle aussi, \u00e0 devoir s\u2019exiler \u00e0 plus de 40 lieux de Paris afin qu\u2019elle cesse ses salons trop m\u00e9disants sur la personne de l\u2019Empereur.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10784\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-NECKER-JACQUES.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jacques NECKER, Politicien, \u00c9conomiste<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jacques-necker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Dans son dernier ouvrage \u00ab Derni\u00e8res vues de politique et de finance \u00bb, Necker y d\u00e9crit Bonaparte comme l\u2019homme n\u00e9cessaire, ce qui vexa Napol\u00e9on et l\u2019irrita au plus haut point, et incrimina Germaine de Sta\u00ebl la rendant responsable de l\u2019influence n\u00e9faste sur son p\u00e8re vieillissant.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10785\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-de-Stael-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Germaine de STA\u00cbL, \u00c9crivain, Intellectuelle<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/germaine-de-stael\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Elle aurait tellement voulu lui plaire. Elle a cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 le s\u00e9duire gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son \u00e9rudition et sa verve, mais Napol\u00e9on pr\u00e9f\u00e9rait les jolies femmes soumises \u00e0 leurs maris. Napol\u00e9on n\u2019a eu de cesse tout au long de son r\u00e8gne de se d\u00e9barrasser d\u2019elle en l\u2019exilant hors de Paris d\u2019abord, hors de France ensuite. \u00ab\u00a0Mais qu\u2019est-ce que le monde sans Paris\u00a0\u00bb, se plaignait-elle. Curieusement, aussi intelligente que f\u00fbt Mme de Sta\u00ebl, elle se r\u00e9v\u00e9la \u00e0 de nombreuses reprises, extr\u00eamement maladroite envers Napol\u00e9on, faisant justement le contraire de ce qu\u2019elle aurait d\u00fb faire pour faire partie des siens.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10786\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Chateaubriand-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Fran\u00e7ois- Ren\u00e9 CHATEAUBRIAND, \u00c9crivain, Politicien, Diplomatie<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Pro-royaliste<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/francois-rene-chateaubriand\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ils eurent des relations compliqu\u00e9es. Chateaubriand \u00e9crira de lui dans ses M\u00e9moires d\u2019outre-tombe : \u00ab Mon admiration a \u00e9t\u00e9 grande et sinc\u00e8re alors m\u00eame que j\u2019attaquais Napol\u00e9on avec le plus de vivacit\u00e9 \u00bb, \u00ab Cet homme, dont j\u2019admire le g\u00e9nie et dont j\u2019abhorre le despotisme \u00bb, ou encore \u00ab Vivant il avait manqu\u00e9 le monde. Mort il le conquiert \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10787\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/4.-Constant-400x520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Benjamin\u00a0 CONSTANT de REBECQUE, \u00c9crivain, Politicien, Intellectuel<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Opposant politique<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/benjamin-constant\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Les deux hommes eurent des relations conflictuelles, car sous le consulat, Benjamin \u00e9tait le chef de l\u2019opposition lib\u00e9rale. De surcro\u00eet, il est l\u2019amant officiel de Mme de Sta\u00ebl, que l\u2019empereur ex\u00e8cre. N\u00e9anmoins, Benjamin se ralliera \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on durant les Cent-Jours. Par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire de Juliette R\u00e9camier, il sera sollicit\u00e9 pour participer \u00e0 la r\u00e9daction de l\u2019acte additionnel aux Constitutions de l\u2019empire. Pendant la restauration, il sera \u00e9lu d\u00e9put\u00e9 et le restera jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa mort en 1830.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10788\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Ge\u0301rando-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Joseph-Marie DEG\u00c9RANDO ou de\u00a0G\u00c9RANDO, Linguiste,<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/joseph-marie-de-gerando\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Proche de Lucien Bonaparte, ce dernier le nomma secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de son minist\u00e8re de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur en 1804, poste qu\u2019il conservera pendant 17 ans. G\u00e9rando accompagna Napol\u00e9on en Italie en 1805 et fut charg\u00e9 de reformer l\u2019administration en Toscane sur le mod\u00e8le fran\u00e7ais. Il fut nomm\u00e9 grand officier de la L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneur et devint conseiller d\u2019\u00c9tat.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10789\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Francois-Simon-Gerard.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Fran\u00e7ois Pascal Simon\u00a0G\u00c9RARD, Peintre d\u2019Histoire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-content  \">Portraitiste<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/francois-pascal-simon-gerard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Tout comme Jacques-Louis David et Antoine-Jean Gros, Fran\u00e7ois G\u00e9rard fait partie des peintres du Consulat et de l\u2019Empire. Il fut choisi pour repr\u00e9senter la victoire d\u2019Austerlitz pour le salon de 1808. G\u00e9rard peindra le portrait de l\u2019imp\u00e9ratrice Marie-Louise, puis celui du roi de Rome, seul fils l\u00e9gitime de Napol\u00e9on.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10790\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/PP00V-Flahaut-Wpg.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles de\u00a0FLAHAUT de la BILLARDERIE, Militaire, Diplomate<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"http:\/\/Charles%20Auguste%20Joseph%20de\u00a0FLAHAUT%20de%20la%20BILLARDERIE,%20Militaire,%20Diplomate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Flahaut, fils naturel de Talleyrand et aide de camp de l\u2019Empereur durant les Cent-Jours. Amant de Caroline puis d\u2019Hortense. Ils eurent avec cette derni\u00e8re un fils, Charles de Morny. Il est plausible que Napol\u00e9on III puisse \u00eatre \u00e9galement le fils d\u2019Hortense et Flahaut, car \u00e0 sa naissance, ils \u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 amants. Ce qui signifierait dans ce cas que le grand-p\u00e8re Napl\u00e9on III serait Talleyrand et n\u2019aurait pas de sang Bonaparte dans les veines. Flahaut soutint l\u2019abdication en faveur de Napol\u00e9on II. Il souhaita accompagner Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, mais sa m\u00e8re l\u2019en emp\u00eacha.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10791\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP1V-David-W.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jacques-Louis\u00a0DAVID, Peintre, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jacques-louis-david\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">David repr\u00e9senta Napol\u00e9on couronnant Jos\u00e9phine dans le \"Le sacre de Napol\u00e9on\". Cette id\u00e9e plut \u00e0 l\u2019Empereur. Fervent admirateur, David dit de lui : \u00ab Quelle belle t\u00eate il a ! C\u2019est pur, c\u2019est grand, c\u2019est beau comme l\u2019antique ! \u2026 C\u2019est un homme auquel on aurait \u00e9lev\u00e9 des autels dans l\u2019antiquit\u00e9\u2026 Bonaparte est mon h\u00e9ros. \u00bb<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10792\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PP3V-Beethoven-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Ludwig van\u00a0BEETHOVEN, Compositeur<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/ludwig-van-beethoven\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Le compositeur fut subjugu\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9lan de libert\u00e9 qui r\u00e9gnait \u00e0 Paris depuis la R\u00e9volution et l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de Napol\u00e9on. Il d\u00e9cide de lui d\u00e9dicacer sa 3e symphonie, qu\u2019il imagine grandiose, brisant tous les codes, h\u00e9ro\u00efque. Mais la d\u00e9ception du musicien est immense lorsque Bonaparte se fait sacrer empereur. De rage, il raya le nom de Bonaparte sur son manuscrit et l\u2019intitula finalement la \u00ab\u00a0Symphonie h\u00e9ro\u00efque\u00a0\u00bb avec comme sous-titre \u00ab\u00a0\u00e0 la m\u00e9moire d\u2019un grand homme\u00a0\u00bb et la d\u00e9dicace \u00e0 l\u2019un de ses m\u00e9c\u00e8nes, le prince Lebkowitz.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10793\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP5V-Goethe-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Johann Wolfgang von GOETHE, \u00c9crivain, Botaniste<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Goethe, grand auteur allemand, rencontra Madame de Sta\u00ebl qui alla lui rendre visite en Allemagne en 1803 \u00e0 Weimar. Napol\u00e9on le rencontra \u00e0 Erfurt. Goethe admirait Napol\u00e9on. Il \u00e9crira de lui\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Laissez tranquille mon Empereur\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Plus Napol\u00e9on sera connu, plus il sera grand\u00a0\u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10794\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/JOSEPH-HAYDN-Compositeur-Professeur-de-Beethoven-BEETHOVEN.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Franz Joseph HAYDN,\u00a0Compositeur<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/franz-joseph-haydn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Affect\u00e9 par les d\u00e9c\u00e8s de ses jeunes fr\u00e8res quelques ann\u00e9es plus t\u00f4t, la sant\u00e9 d\u2019Haydn d\u00e9clina. Il ne composa plus et ne termina pas son dernier quatuor opus 103. Il fit une derni\u00e8re apparition le\u00a027 mars 1808\u00a0pour un ultime concert de\u00a0La Cr\u00e9ation\u00a0sous la direction d\u2019Antonio Salieri. Haydn mourut le 31 mai 1809 \u00e0 Vienne, tandis que la ville \u00e9tait occup\u00e9e par les troupes napol\u00e9oniennes. Napol\u00e9on n\u2019alla pas lui-m\u00eame se recueillir sur la d\u00e9pouille du grand ma\u00eetre, il se fit n\u00e9anmoins repr\u00e9senter lors de son enterrement. <\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10795\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-Rostopchine_5394.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Fiodor\u00a0ROSTOPCHINE<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/fiodor-vassilievitch-rostopchine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Lors de la campagne de Russie, Napol\u00e9on peu apr\u00e8s \u00eatre entr\u00e9 dans Moscou eut \u00e0 faire face \u00e0 un incendie organis\u00e9 par Rostopchine, le gouverneur de Moscou, qui avait pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 br\u00fbler sa ville plut\u00f4t que de la laisser piller par la Grande Arm\u00e9e. Sans vivres ni toit, Napol\u00e9on et ses troupes ne purent rester affronter l'hiver russe et durent se replier pour rentrer \u00e0 Paris. Cette retraite fut une v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9b\u00e2cle. Ce premier puissant \u00e9chec pour Napol\u00e9on fut le d\u00e9but de son d\u00e9clin.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10796\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-METTERNICH.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Cl\u00e9ment\u00a0METTERNICH, Politicien, Diplomate<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/clement-metternich\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ministre des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, Metternich consacra sa vie \u00e0 maintenir en Europe une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0d'Ancien R\u00e9gime\u00a0\u00bb face aux bouleversements de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise et \u00e0 concilier les int\u00e9r\u00eats autrichiens dans l\u2019\u00e9quilibre des puissances europ\u00e9ennes. Ses relations avec Napol\u00e9on furent souvent tendues, m\u00eame s'il \u0153uvra pour la r\u00e9ussite du mariage de l\u2019empereur avec Marie-Louise. En 1809, l\u2019Autriche s\u2019alliera \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on, pour mieux l\u2019abattre le moment venu, \u00e0 cette date Metternich dira de Napol\u00e9on \u00ab Il est le Souverain de l\u2019Europe \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10797\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV.-WELLESLEYpng.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Arthur WELLESLEY, Militaire, Politicien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/arthur-wellesley-duc-de-wellington\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Wellesley fut le premier duc de Wellington. H\u00e9ros de Waterloo, ce g\u00e9n\u00e9ral battit l'Empereur Napol\u00e9on Ier. \u00c0 la suite de cette d\u00e9faite, Napol\u00e9on se livra aux Britanniques qui le retinrent prisonnier sur l\u2019\u00eele de Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne au milieu de l\u2019atlantique sud.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10798\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Stendhal-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Henri BEYLE dit Stendhal, Romancier<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/henri-beyle-dit-stendhal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Stendhal \u00e9crivit une biographie intitul\u00e9e \u00ab La vie de Napol\u00e9on \u00bb. T\u00e9moin privil\u00e9gi\u00e9, il fit toutes les campagnes militaires \u00e0 partir de 1800, sauf deux : la campagne d\u2019Autriche en 1805 (il est alors \u00e0 Marseille) et la guerre d\u2019Espagne de 1808-1809 (il est \u00e0 Brunswick). Il fut membre du corps des commissaires des guerres, puis responsable charg\u00e9 de la Direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des approvisionnements durant la campagne de Russie. Il dira de l\u2019empereur\u00a0: \u00ab Plus la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 tout enti\u00e8re sera connue, plus Bonaparte sera grand \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10799\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/1.-Victor-Hugo-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Victor HUGO, \u00c9crivain, Homme politique<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/victor-hugo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Victor Hugo n\u2019\u00e9tait encore qu\u2019un enfant durant le r\u00e8gne de Napol\u00e9on. Il n\u2019avait que 13 ans lors de la seconde abdication de l\u2019Empereur. Son p\u00e8re et son oncle \u00e9taient deux g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de l\u2019arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise. Bien plus tard, il \u00e9crivit \u00e0 propos de l\u2019empereur \u00ab Vous n\u2019admirez pas Napol\u00e9on ! Mais qui admirez-vous donc ? \u00bb<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10800\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PP1V-Honore\u0301-de-Balzac.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Honor\u00e9 de Balzac, Romancier<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Balzac avait 16 ans lors de la seconde abdication de Napol\u00e9on. Plus tard, il \u00e9crivit de lui : \u00ab Qui pourra jamais expliquer, peindre ou comprendre Napol\u00e9on ? Un homme qu\u2019on repr\u00e9sente les bras crois\u00e9s, et qui a tout fait ! (\u2026) un homme qui pouvait tout faire, parce qu\u2019il voulait tout ; prodigieux ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de volont\u00e9, domptant une maladie par une bataille, et qui cependant devait mourir d\u2019une maladie dans un lit apr\u00e8s avoir v\u00e9cu au milieu des balles et des boulets ; un homme qui avait dans la t\u00eate un code et une \u00e9p\u00e9e, la parole et l\u2019action. \u00bb<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10801\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/PP1-Dumas-Pe\u0300re.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Alexandre Dumas (p\u00e8re), Romancier<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/alexandre-dumas-pere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Alexandre Dumas n\u2019avait que 13 ans lors de la seconde abdication. Son p\u00e8re fut g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e napol\u00e9onienne, premier g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de couleur noire. Ce dernier accompagna Napol\u00e9on en \u00c9gypte. Plus tard, son fils \u00e9crira sur le Premier consul : \u00ab Ainsi, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de vingt-sept ans, Bonaparte tient d\u2019une main l\u2019\u00e9p\u00e9e qui divise les \u00e9tats et de l\u2019autre la balance qui p\u00e8se les rois. Le Directoire a beau lui tracer sa voie, il marche dans la sienne : s\u2019il ne commande pas encore, il n\u2019ob\u00e9it d\u00e9j\u00e0 plus \u00bb.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10802\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PP1V-Roustan_5399.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Roustam Raza, Mamelock de Napol\u00e9on<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/roustam-raza\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Enlev\u00e9 alors qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait qu\u2019un enfant, Roustam devient esclave. \u00c0 15 ans, en \u00c9gypte, il fut affranchi et int\u00e9gr\u00e9 un corps de cavalerie de mamelouks. Apr\u00e8s la campagne d\u2019\u00c9gypte, sa vie bascule, il repart avec Napol\u00e9on et le suivra comme son ombre. Il participe \u00e0 sa toilette, son repas, entretient ses armes, est aussi son garde du corps, dormant en travers de sa porte. En 1814, apr\u00e8s l'abdication et la tentative de suicide de Napol\u00e9on, Roustam refusa de le suivre sur l\u2019\u00eele d\u2019Elbe, effray\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre accus\u00e9 de tentative d'assassinat au poison pour le compte de l'Angleterre, il s\u2019enfuit. Napol\u00e9on en sera bless\u00e9.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10803\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/JEFFERSON-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Thomas\u00a0JEFFERSON, Politicien, 3\u00e8me Pr\u00e9sident des Etats-Unis<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/thomas-jefferson\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Jefferson envoie Monroe et Livingstone aupr\u00e8s de Napol\u00e9on pour n\u00e9gocier l'achat de La Nouvelle-Orl\u00e9ans. Ils se voient offrir l'ensemble de la Louisiane fran\u00e7aise, soit un territoire de 2,1 millions de km2, pour la somme de 60 millions de francs-or (15 millions de $). Jefferson approuve cet achat qui est ratifi\u00e9 par le Congr\u00e8s le 30 avril 1803. La souverainet\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine entre en vigueur le 20 d\u00e9cembre 1803 (acte du Louisiana Purchase). Cette annexion double la surface des \u00c9tats-Unis. Elle repr\u00e9sente l'un des plus beaux succ\u00e8s politiques de Jefferson.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10804\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PP-Ouvrard.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Gabriel-Julien\u00a0OUVRARD, Banquier<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/gabriel-julien-ouvrard\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on eut plusieurs fois des d\u00e9convenues avec le banquier Ouvrard, l\u2019un des fondateurs des N\u00e9gociants r\u00e9unis. \u00c0 son retour d\u2019Austerlitz, Napol\u00e9on r\u00e9voqua son ministre du Tr\u00e9sor, Barb\u00e9-Marbois coupable d\u2019avoir fait \u00e0 Ouvrard une confiance excessive alors que le Tr\u00e9sor public lui r\u00e9clamait 141 millions de francs-or. Plus tard, Ouvrard fut \u00e0 nouveau arr\u00eat\u00e9 par Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 la suite d\u2019une entreprise initi\u00e9e par Fouch\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019insu de Napol\u00e9on pour n\u00e9gocier la paix avec le Royaume-Uni.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10805\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-MONROE.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">James\u00a0MONROE, 5\u00e8me Pr\u00e9sident des Etats-Unis<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/james-monroe\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Jefferson envoie Monroe et Livingstone aupr\u00e8s de Napol\u00e9on pour n\u00e9gocier l'achat de La Nouvelle-Orl\u00e9ans. Ils se voient offrir l'ensemble de la Louisiane fran\u00e7aise, soit un territoire de 2,1 millions de km2, pour la somme de 60 millions de francs-or (15 millions de $). Jefferson approuve cet achat qui est ratifi\u00e9 par le Congr\u00e8s le 30 avril 1803. La souverainet\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine entre en vigueur le 20 d\u00e9cembre 1803 (acte du Louisiana Purchase). Cette annexion double la surface des \u00c9tats-Unis. Elle repr\u00e9sente l'un des plus beaux succ\u00e8s politiques de Jefferson.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10806\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-PITT.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">William PITT, dit William Pitt le Jeune, Premier Ministre Britannique<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/william-pitt-dit-william-pitt-le-jeune\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Pitt et Bonaparte ne s\u2019entendaient pas. Leur d\u00e9testation r\u00e9ciproque n\u2019arrangeait rien \u00e0 la situation des deux pays qui furent en guerre pendant plus de 10 ann\u00e9es, \u00e0 l\u2019exception de la tr\u00eave de la paix d\u2019Amiens en 1802 qui ne dura que 13 mois. Pitt fut vainqueur de Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 Trafalgar en 1805. Il ne d\u00e9gusta pas longtemps cette victoire, car deux mois plus tard, la 3e coalition \u00e9choua \u00e0 Austerlitz. Pitt mourut un mois plus tard en janvier 1806, \u00e0 46 ans.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10807\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Fox-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Charles James FOX, Politicien anglais<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/charles-james-fox\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Fox fut nomm\u00e9 Secr\u00e9taire d'\u00c9tat aux Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, apr\u00e8s la mort de Pitt en 1806. Les relations entre Napol\u00e9on et Fox \u00e9taient tendues, mais respectueuses. L\u2019Empereur fran\u00e7ais pensa vraiment \u00e0 cet instant pouvoir avoir une politique plus constructive avec les Anglais. Mais Fox mourut 8 mois apr\u00e8s, ce qui replongea les relations entre les deux pays dans le chaos.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10808\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PPV-Duc-Enghien-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Louis- Antoine de\u00a0BOURBON- COND\u00c9, duc d\u2019Enghien, Militaire<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/louis-antoine-henri-de-bourbon-conde-dit-duc-denghien\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Dans ses m\u00e9moires, Bonaparte indiqua que Talleyrand l'avait convaincu d\u2019arr\u00eater le duc d'Enghien, mais revendiqua l'ex\u00e9cution comme sa d\u00e9cision personnelle. L\u2019importance du r\u00f4le de Talleyrand dans l\u2019ex\u00e9cution du duc d\u2019Enghien suscita un d\u00e9bat \u00e0 la Restauration, date \u00e0 laquelle, Talleyrand fit dispara\u00eetre tous les documents se rapportant \u00e0 cette affaire. Il nia par la suite avoir pris part \u00e0 cette ex\u00e9cution, dans une annexe de ses m\u00e9moires.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10809\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-PICHEGRU.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Charles\u00a0PICHEGRU<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-charles-pichegru\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Professeur de math\u00e9matique de Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole militaire de Brienne, G\u00e9n\u00e9ral en chef des arm\u00e9es de Sambre-et-Meuse en 1795, Pichegru fut l\u2019ami de Moreau et de quelques monarchistes, ce qui le conduisit \u00e0 devenir royaliste. Il participa \u00e0 la conspiration de Cadoudal qui planifiait un attentat pour \u00e9liminer Napol\u00e9on. D\u00e9nonc\u00e9 et arr\u00eat\u00e9 par Fouch\u00e9, il fut emprisonn\u00e9, puis retrouv\u00e9 suicid\u00e9 dans sa cellule.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10810\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/PP5V-Cadoudal-Georges-W.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Georges\u00a0CADOUDAL, G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Chouan<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/georges-cadoudal\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Cadoudal r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 en Angleterre apr\u00e8s l\u2019attentat de la rue Saint-Nicaise, il organisa un nouveau complot contre Bonaparte en 1804. Pichegru devait prendre la t\u00eate du gouvernement et proclamer Louis XVIII roi de France, le duc d\u2019Enghien devait \u00eatre pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 aux arm\u00e9es par Moreau. La conspiration fut d\u00e9jou\u00e9e, les conspirateurs arr\u00eat\u00e9s. Le duc d\u2019Enghien fut ex\u00e9cut\u00e9, Pichegru se suicida dans sa cellule, Moreau s\u2019exila aux \u00c9tats-Unis et Cadoudal fut guillotin\u00e9. Il fut fait Mar\u00e9chal de France \u00e0 titre posthume et sa famille fut anoblie par Louis XVIII.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10811\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-NELSON.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Horatio\u00a0 NELSON, Amiral britannique<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/horatio-nelson-1er-vicomte-nelson-duc-de-bronte\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">H\u00e9ros britannique vainqueur de Trafalgar contre la flotte fran\u00e7aise de Charles de Villeneuve, Nelson y perdit n\u00e9anmoins la vie. Napol\u00e9on redoutait l\u2019excellence de la marine britannique, avec ce brillant amiral \u00e0 sa t\u00eate. Nelson avait coul\u00e9 l\u2019ensemble de la flotte fran\u00e7aise lors de la bataille d\u2019Aboukir durant la campagne d\u2019\u00c9gypte.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10812\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP2V-Careme-400-520.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Marie-Antoine\u00a0CAR\u00caME\u00a0dit \u00ab Antonin \u00bb<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/marie-antoine-careme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Cuisinier de Talleyrand lors de congr\u00e8s de Vienne, Antonin Car\u00eame \u00e9tait \u00ab Le chef des cuisiniers et le cuisinier des chefs \u00bb. \u00ab Tout bon diplomate doit avoir un bon cuisinier, car la diplomatie commence \u00e0 table \u00bb, disait le ministre des Relations ext\u00e9rieures fran\u00e7ais. Il fut aussi au service de Napol\u00e9on Ier, de George IV (roi d\u2019Angleterre) et d\u2019Alexandre Ier.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10813\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/PP1V-Biot.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Jean-Baptiste\u00a0BIOT, Physicien, Astronome, Math\u00e9maticien<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/jean-baptiste-biot\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Napol\u00e9on \u00e9tait le directeur Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences. Les relations entre Biot et Bonaparte \u00e9taient cordiales, mais distantes surtout apr\u00e8s l\u2019ex\u00e9cution du Duc d\u2019Enghien. Bonaparte le sut et lui refusa syst\u00e9matiquement la L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneur chaque fois que Laplace la demandait pour lui, arguant que le scientifique \u00e9tait trop jeune. Biot n\u2019obtint cette d\u00e9coration qu\u2019apr\u00e8s la chute de l\u2019Empire.<\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10814\">\n                                                    <a  href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/clement-metternich\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/PPV-METTERNICH.jpg\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Cl\u00e9ment\u00a0METTERNICH, Politicien, Diplomate<\/h3>\n                                                                                    <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                        <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                        <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style oxi-image-hover-style-32 oxi-bt-col-lg-3 oxi-bt-col-md-6 oxi-bt-col-sm-12                         \" >\n                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-style-general\">\n                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover oxi-image-general-hover oxi-image-general-hover-style-32 oxi-image-general-hover-58-10854\">\n                                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure\">\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-image\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/FA1V-Foures-Maitresse-Kleber.png\" >\n                                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-figure-caption\">\n                                    <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-caption-tab   image-hover-align-center-center\">\n                                                                                    <h3 class=\"oxi-image-hover-heading                                                                                          \">Pauline FOUR\u00c8S, dite Bellilote<\/h3>\n                                                                                            <div class=\"oxi-image-hover-button  \">\n                                                <a  href=\"https:\/\/www.scandaleuses.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/paulinefoures-copie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"oxi-image-btn\">Ma\u00eetresse de Napol\u00e9on au Caire. Napol\u00e9on fut tent\u00e9 de quitter Jos\u00e9phine pour Pauline lorsqu'il apprit par Junot que Jos\u00e9phine le trompait en son absence. Pauline et Napol\u00e9on tent\u00e8rent d'avoir des enfants, mais n'y parvinrent pas. Quand Napol\u00e9on quitta Le Caire, Pauline devint la ma\u00eetresse de Jean-Baptiste Kl\u00e9ber. <\/a>\n                                            <\/div>\n                                                                                <\/div>\n                                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                                                <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div> \n                            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row full_width=\u00a0\u00bbstretch_row\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1513000693114{background-color: #272727 !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1546&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb150X150&Prime; alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbPortraits\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fnapoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbR\u00e9sidences\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fresidences-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbR\u00e9seau Social\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdanger\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Freseau-social-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbG\u00e9n\u00e9alogie\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fgenealogie-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bb\u0152uvres\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Foeuvres-de-napoleon-bonaparte%2F|||\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13807","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>R\u00e9seau social de Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte - L&#039;Histoire est un roman...<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/reseau-social-de-napoleon-bonaparte\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"R\u00e9seau social de Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte - L&#039;Histoire est un roman...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row full_width=\u00a0\u00bbstretch_row\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1513000693114{background-color: #272727 !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1546&Prime; 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