{"id":166,"date":"2017-10-22T07:09:29","date_gmt":"2017-10-22T05:09:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/?page_id=166"},"modified":"2023-03-11T14:30:56","modified_gmt":"2023-03-11T13:30:56","slug":"economiques","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/economiques\/","title":{"rendered":"Economiques"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb content_placement=\u00a0\u00bbtop\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1546960159243{padding-top: 50px !important;padding-right: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;padding-left: 50px !important;background-image: url(https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Inventions-2.png?id=899) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1510609365202{padding: 30px !important;background-color: rgba(39,39,39,0.76) !important;*background-color: rgb(39,39,39) !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_icon type=\u00a0\u00bblinecons\u00a0\u00bb icon_linecons=\u00a0\u00bbvc_li vc_li-shop\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb custom_color=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb][vc_custom_heading text=\u00a0\u00bb\u00c9conomie, finance, commerce et industrie, un monde qui change\u00a0\u00bb font_container=\u00a0\u00bbtag:h3|font_size:32|text_align:left|color:%23ffffff\u00a0\u00bb google_fonts=\u00a0\u00bbfont_family:Montserrat%3Aregular%2C700|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #d8d8d8;\">\u00c0 l&rsquo;aube des r\u00e9volutions industrielles, les \u00e9conomistes d\u00e9veloppent d\u00e9j\u00e0 leurs concepts ou doctrines \u00e0 la recherche des meilleurs \u00e9quilibres \u00e9conomiques&#8230;<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbECONOMIE\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1697&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb onclick=\u00a0\u00bbcustom_link\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1678541451650{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/index.php\/thomas-robert-malthus\/\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbThomas MALTHUS (1766-1834)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fthomas-robert-malthus%2F|title:Thomas%20Robert%20Malthus|target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbAuteur de leEssai sur le principe de population, cr\u00e9ateur doctrine : le malthusianisme\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1569958965116{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014315630{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Britannique<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3207\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15442&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570021959861{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbDavid RICARDO (1772-1823)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDavid_Ricardo||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbCr\u00e9ateur de l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalence ricardienne, Valeur travail, Rente de situation, Loi des rendements d\u00e9croissants\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1569958227775{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014390128{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Italien<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3190\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Re\u0301publique-Cisalpine-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"41\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Re\u0301publique-Cisalpine-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Re\u0301publique-Cisalpine-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Re\u0301publique-Cisalpine-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Re\u0301publique-Cisalpine.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 63px) 100vw, 63px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15449&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022129338{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbClaude-Henri de Rouvroy de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbInspirateur et fondateur du mouvement du saint-simonisme\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570021791370{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014435013{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3180\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15447&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022146288{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbJean-Baptiste SAY (1767-1832)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean-Baptiste_Say||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbPrincipal \u00e9conomiste classique fran\u00e7ais, auteur de la \u00ab loi des d\u00e9bouch\u00e9s \u00bb ou loi de Say, un des premiers \u00e9conomistes \u00e0 \u00e9tudier l&rsquo;entrepreneuriat et les entrepreneurs\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570021216915{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014435013{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3180\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15444&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022156519{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bb Jean de SISMONDI (1773-1842)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean_de_Sismondi||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bb\u00ab R\u00e9formiste h\u00e9t\u00e9rodoxe \u00bb : d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres et crises de surproduction, le \u00ab garantisme social \u00bb : pr\u00e9curseur de la social-d\u00e9mocratie moderne, ami de Stael\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570012658486{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014435013{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3180\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15445&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022179858{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbAdam SMITH (1723-1790)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdam_Smith||target:%20_blank|rel:nofollow\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbP\u00e8re de l&rsquo;\u00c9cole classique et de l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie moderne, Recherches sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1569959356449{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014315630{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Britannique<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3207\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbFINANCES\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb size=\u00a0\u00bblg\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15435&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022200444{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbFrancis BARING (1740-1810)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-bullseye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrancis_Baring||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbFondateur de la plus ancienne banque anglaise avant sa faillite en 1995, a financ\u00e9 l&rsquo;achat de la Louisiane par les am\u00e9ricains, associ\u00e9e au n\u00e9erlandais Hope &amp; Co, \u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570018583445{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014315630{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Britannique<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3207\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15437&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022214397{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbBenjamin DELESSERT (1773-1847)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-bullseye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBenjamin_Delessert||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbR\u00e9gent de la Banque de France, fondateur des Caisses d&rsquo;\u00e9pargne, Industriel\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570012553530{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014435013{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3180\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15438&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022223931{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bb Henry HOPE (1746-1789)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-bullseye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHenry_Hope_(banquier)||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbBanquier et marchand d&rsquo;origine britannique \u00e9tabli \u00e0 Amsterdam, Associ\u00e9 puis directeur de la holding de banque Hope &amp; Co. \u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570019648320{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014315630{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Britannique<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3207\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Royaume-Uni-Angleterre.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15439&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022235430{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbJacques LAFFITTE (1767-1844)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-bullseye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJacques_Laffitte||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbR\u00e9gent de la Banque de France, Banquier priv\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570012349696{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014435013{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3180\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1790&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022253633{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbJacques NECKER (1730-1804)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fjacques-necker%2F|title:Jacques%20Necker|target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bb Financier et homme politique genevois, ministre des Finances de Louis XVI\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570018624205{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022593482{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Suisse<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3173\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb1794&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022271898{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbGabriel-Julien OUVRARD (1770-1846)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:http%3A%2F%2Faline-voinot.com%2Findex.php%2Fgabriel-julien-ouvrard%2F|title:Gabriel-Julien%20Ouvrard|target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbFondateurs des N\u00e9gociants r\u00e9unis , banquier priv\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570019343178{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014435013{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3180\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15440&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022301465{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px !important;margin-bottom: -10px !important;margin-left: -10px !important;border-top-width: -10px !important;border-right-width: -10px !important;border-bottom-width: -10px !important;border-left-width: -10px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbClaude PERIER (1742-1801)\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbinverse\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb i_align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb i_icon_fontawesome=\u00a0\u00bbfa fa-eye\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb add_icon=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb link=\u00a0\u00bburl:https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClaude_Perier||target:%20_blank|\u00a0\u00bb][vc_btn title=\u00a0\u00bbR\u00e9gent de la Banque de France, banquier priv\u00e9 et r\u00e9dacteur en 1800 des premiers statuts de la Banque de France\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570019259040{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570014435013{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3180\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image 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title=\u00a0\u00bbGouverneur de la Banque de France\u00a0\u00bb shape=\u00a0\u00bbsquare\u00a0\u00bb color=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb button_block=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570011709678{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1589461775502{margin-top: -20px !important;}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3173\" src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"57\" height=\"37\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Confe\u0301de\u0301ration-Suisse-768x497.jpg 768w, 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src=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"65\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aline-voinot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/D-Empire-franc\u0327ais.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 65px) 100vw, 65px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6&Prime;][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb15446&Prime; img_size=\u00a0\u00bb250X250&Prime; add_caption=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb css=\u00a0\u00bb.vc_custom_1570022357553{margin-top: -10px !important;margin-right: -10px 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